Mining FDI, Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development:

在一些低收入国家，对自然资源的外国直接投资被认为是实现“发展”的主要途径。采矿业外国直接投资占非洲资本投资的近25%，使其成为潜在的重要经济驱动力。然而，企业对采矿的投资长期以来一直是一个有争议的问题：它似乎并没有改善最贫穷国家的命运，矿业公司因其对环境、社会和社区的影响而受到令人信服的批评，因为它们对环境、社会和社区的影响，通过地下项目等激进组织，更成熟的非政府组织，如乐施会和地球之友(FOE)，以及土著人民组织。最近由世界银行赞助的《采掘业审查》和由国际环境与发展研究所推动的由业界赞助的采矿、矿产和可持续发展项目证明，在来自多个利益攸关方的压力下，采掘业进行了自我反思。从这些倡议中形成的普遍共识要求矿业公司不仅要对环境负责，而且要帮助今天这一代贫困人口摆脱贫困，建立强大、可持续的社区。矿业公司、社区倡导团体和研究人员对这是否可能存在两极分化。这项研究考察了坦桑尼亚金矿现在“对社会负责”的采矿部门的影响，坦桑尼亚是一个最近(和积极的)矿物开发和巨大潜力的地区(坦桑尼亚在2001年成为非洲第三大黄金生产国，仅次于南非和加纳)。这项研究侧重于挖掘外国直接投资影响的两个主要方面：1)对东道国社区可持续生计的影响；2)从公司流向中央政府和其他地方的收入分配。数据将通过调查、半结构化访谈以及档案和二手资料来源收集。将使用定性和定量分析技术对影响和收入分配进行评估。这项研究将对矿业与发展评估中的一个重大差距做出重要而有节制的贡献：它将对企业社会责任引发的项目以及采矿对东道国社区(包括妇女)和东道国政府的影响进行严格设计的分析，包括坦桑尼亚中央政府，后者在世界银行建议的自由化采矿法下运作。它将决定人们(和客观可验证的指标)是否会因为基于外国直接投资的采矿作业而发现他们的生活更好或更差。石油和黄金等不可再生自然资源的财富只能生产一次--当资源被开发时。如果从这种资源开发中获益的公司利用收入为当地社区的发展项目提供资金，在矿山关闭后建设为社区服务的基础设施，并向国家政府支付大量特许权使用费和税款，就有可能实现区域和国家的持续发展。后者还取决于东道国政府如何处理矿山收入。另一方面，如果采矿作业污染水和空气，破坏生物多样性，并支付低工资/特许权使用费，当地人民和国家税收潜力可能会因外国对采矿的直接投资而处于严重不利地位。该项目将增进人们对在当前企业社会责任条件下外国投资采矿是否是实现可持续发展的可行途径的认识。

Foreign direct investment (FDI) in natural resources is thought to be a primary route to "development" in some of the lower income countries. Mining FDI constitutes nearly 25 percent of the capital investment in Africa, making it a potentially important economic driver. Yet corporate investment in mining has long been a controversial: it has not appeared to improve the lot of the poorest countries and mining corporations have been compellingly criticized for their environmental, social, and community impacts via activist organizations like Project Underground, more established NGOs like Oxfam and Friends of the Earth (FOE), and indigenous peoples' organizations. The recent World Bank-sponsored Extractive Industry Review and the industry-sponsored Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development project facilitated by the International Institute for Environment and Development are testimony to the self reflection of the industry necessitated by pressures from multiple stakeholders. The general consensus emerging from these initiatives requires mining corporations to be not only environmentally responsible, but to help get today's generation of poor people out of poverty and build strong, sustainable communities. Mining companies, community advocacy groups, and researchers are polarized as to whether this is possible. This research examines the impacts of the now "socially responsible" mining sector in the goldfields of Tanzania, an area of recent (and aggressive) mineral development and large potential (Tanzania became the third largest gold producer in Africa in 2001, behind South Africa and Ghana). The research focuses upon two major aspects of mining FDI impacts: 1) the effects on sustainable livelihoods in the host communities and 2) the revenue distributions flowing from companies to the central government and beyond. Data will be collected through surveys, semi-structured interviews, and archival and secondary sources. Qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques will be used to provide assessments of the impacts and the revenue distributions. The study will make a vital and measured contribution to a significant gap in the evaluation of mining and development: it will afford a rigorously designed analysis of the CSR-induced programs and mining impacts on host communities (including women) and host governments, including the Tanzanian central government which operates under a liberalized mining law recommended by the World Bank. It will determine whether people (and objective verifiable indicators) find their lives better or worse as a result of FDI-based mining operations.Wealth from non-renewable natural resources like oil and gold can only be produced once - when the resource is developed. If the corporations that reap the benefits of this resource development use revenues to fund development projects for host communities, build infrastructure that will serve communities after the mine is closed, and pay substantial royalties and taxes to national governments, there is potential for sustained regional and national development. The latter depends also upon what the host government does with the revenues from the mines. On the other hand, if mining operations pollute water and air, degrade biodiversity, and pay low wages/royalties, local people and national revenue potentials may be substantially disadvantaged by foreign direct investment in mining. This project will advance knowledge on whether foreign investment in mining under current conditions of corporate social responsibility is a viable route toward sustainable development.