Craft Specialization and the Emergence of Political Complexity in Southwest Florida

在珍妮·阿诺德博士的监督下，约翰·迪特勒将调查佛罗里达州西南部Caloosahatchee地区出现的政治复杂性。这一地区是公元16世纪强大的非农业加鲁萨酋长的所在地，并以4000多年前首次出现的独特的基于贝壳的海洋技术而闻名。在整个佛罗里达州南部，人们使用贝壳斧头和橡皮泥制作各种各样的木制品，包括用于宗教仪式的独木舟和面具。迪特勒的研究将评估Caloosahatchee领导人对这些重要手工艺品的生产和分配的组织，以及该组织对该地区政治不平等的出现的影响。今天的考古学家对理解继承和广泛的政治权威的出现非常感兴趣，这种权威标志着世界各地复杂的社会。手工艺品的强化生产是一些主要社会的政治权力的重要来源，也可能是在加卢萨人中获得持久权威的重要途径。该项目将通过考古发掘、实验复制和博物馆藏品研究相结合的方式，探索精英对工艺品生产的控制。Dietler的贝壳工具复制实验(2005)改进了对贝壳工具制造副产品和生产阶段的识别。他对Buck key和Useppa岛上的Caloosahatchee壳牌工具车间的挖掘(2005-2006年)发现了表明工具生产强度和效率的生产残留物。最后，他的博物馆收藏的南佛罗里达贝壳工具数据库揭示了贝壳工具和木工工艺经济的空间组织和区域背景。NSF的支持将帮助在时间和空间上精确定位这些数据，为关键文物和矿藏提供放射性碳日期和化学来源数据。如果一种专业手工艺生产和分配制度与其他社会政治复杂性的迹象同时出现，如建筑项目的加强和墓葬物品的阶级差异的出现，那么它很可能在该地区制度化不平等的出现中发挥了重要作用。在佛罗里达州西南部收集的信息最终将与其他政治复杂程度相似的地区的手工艺经济数据进行比较，从而确定政治进化背后的基本机制。除了解决人类学家感兴趣的研究问题，该项目还将增加佛罗里达州和加利福尼亚州公众对科学进程的参与。在佛罗里达州，数十名志愿者将参与考古挖掘、实验室处理和文物分析。更广泛的受众将通过有组织的挖掘现场参观、公开讲座以及在当地通讯和报纸上发表的文章来接触到这项研究。本科生将在佛罗里达州和加利福尼亚州参加实地考察和实验室工作，在此过程中获得宝贵的分析方法培训。出土的材料将在佛罗里达州的两个或更多博物馆展出，并将永久提供给佛罗里达州自然历史博物馆的研究人员。项目成果将通过发表在参考期刊上的出版物和在国家考古学会议上的介绍向科学界提供。

Under the supervision of Dr. Jeanne Arnold, John Dietler will investigate the emergence of political complexity in the Caloosahatchee region of southwest Florida. This area was home to the powerful non-farming Calusa chiefdom during the sixteenth century AD, and is noted for a unique marine shell-based technology that first appeared over 4000 years ago. Shell axes and adzes were used throughout south Florida to craft a wide variety of wooden items, including dugout canoes and masks used in religious ceremonies. Dietler's research will evaluate Caloosahatchee leaders' organization of the production and distribution of these important craft items and the effect of that organization on the emergence of political inequality in the region.Archaeologists today are intensely interested in understanding the emergence of the inherited and broad-based political authority that marks complex societies around the world. The intensified production of craft goods was a significant source of political power in a number of chiefly societies and may have been an important route to lasting authority among the Calusa. This project will explore elite control of craft production through a combination of archaeological excavation, experimental replication, and research with museum collections. Dietler's shell tool replication experiments (2005) have improved the identification of shell tool-making byproducts and production stages. His excavations of Caloosahatchee shell tool workshops on Buck Key and Useppa Island (2005-06) have recovered production residues indicative of the intensity and efficiency of tool production. Finally, his database of south Floridian shell tools from museum collections reveals the spatial organization and regional context of the shell tool and woodworking craft economies. NSF support will help pinpoint these data in time and space, providing radiocarbon dates and chemical sourcing data for key artifacts and deposits. If a system of specialized craft production and distribution emerged at the same time as other signs of sociopolitical complexity, such as intensified construction projects and the appearance of class-based differences in burial goods, then it is likely to have played an important role in the emergence of institutionalized inequality in the region. Information gathered in southwest Florida will ultimately be compared with craft economy data that derive from other regions with similar levels of political complexity, allowing the identification of basic mechanisms underlying political evolution.Along with addressing research questions of interest to anthropologists, this project will increase public participation in the scientific process in both Florida and California. In Florida, dozens of volunteers will participate in archaeological excavations, laboratory processing, and artifact analysis. A far broader audience will be exposed to this research through organized tours of the excavation site, public lectures, and articles in local newsletters and newspapers. Undergraduate university students will participate in fieldwork and lab work in both Florida and California, gaining valuable training in analytical methods in the process. Excavated materials will be displayed at two or more Florida museums and will be available to researchers at the Florida Museum of Natural History in perpetuity. Project results will be made available to the scientific community through publications in refereed journals and presentations at national archaeological conferences.