Economic Integration and Cultural Survival at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey

在美国国家科学基金会的支持下，凯瑟琳·特维斯和艾米·博加德以及一个由同事组成的国际团队将花三年时间调查小规模作物和畜牧业的结合，以及它对早期农业社会文化稳定的影响。该团队汇集了美国、英国和土耳其的专门从事动物、植物和同位素分析的考古学家，在安纳托利亚中部Catalhoyuk的大型和长寿的新石器时代遗址研究植物和动物驯化的社会和经济用途。在一段动荡的时期（公元前七千年），这些驯兽师维持了对遗址的占领，当时西南亚的主要定居点遭受了崩溃。该项目将测试两个假设：1。小规模作物和畜牧业在家庭层面的紧密结合是Catalhoyuk持续成功的基础；2. 反对家庭分化的强大社会压力阻止了遗址分裂。亚洲西南部新石器时代（约公元前9700年/公元前9000年-公元前5850年/公元前5500年）标志着人类进化的一个重要转折点，为更复杂的城市化和国家社会的发展奠定了基础。新石器时代的特点是世界上最早的植物和动物农业，大型永久性村庄的区域性出现，大量的建筑，人口密度的显著增加，以及陶器等技术的进步。这些物质创新与社会和经济分层、职业专业化和国内生产方式等意义深远的文化发展有关。然而，新石器时代的作物和畜牧业的结合不仅与这些积极的发展有关，而且还与导致文化不稳定的环境退化有关，正如区域“崩溃”事件所反映的那样。Catalhoyuk丰富的植物和动物群落提供了一个难得的机会，可以从不同的角度研究农业战略与遗址稳定性之间的关系，重点关注成功而不是失败的社会经济原因。目标是对场地的生产模式与其长期生存能力之间的关系有一个大致的了解。这项研究的智力价值在于理论、方法和实质。该项目将把动物和植物证据作为一种综合研究策略，以解决新石器时代农业“一揽子计划”的整合程度。虽然人们普遍认为，近东早期农业的成功和传播与耕作和放牧的双重建立相吻合，但迫切需要基于主要科学证据的特定地点研究，以澄清密切交织的作物和牲畜管理实践对西南亚内外农业“一揽子”的传播所起的作用。该研究的更广泛影响在于，它将提供有关小规模农业社会经济和文化活力背后的社会经济因素的重要信息。所收集的信息不仅与亚洲和欧洲的史前史有关，而且与当今与大规模土地所有权、过度专业化和家庭一级缺乏经济一体化有关的粮食生产危机有关。土耳其、英国和美国的学生将参加该项目，以加强他们的培训，增加他们对近东史前的了解。

With National Science Foundation support, Drs. Katheryn Twiss and Amy Bogaard and an international team of colleagues will spend three years investigating the integration of small-scale crop and livestock husbandry and its effects on cultural stability in an early agricultural society. The team brings together U.S., British and Turkish archaeologists specializing in faunal, botanical, and isotopic analyses to study the social and economic uses of plant and animal domesticates at the large and long-lived Neolithic site of Catalhoyuk, central Anatolia. These domesticates sustained occupation of the site through a turbulent period (the seventh millennium BC), when major settlements across southwest Asia suffered collapse. The project will test two hypotheses: 1. close household-level integration of small-scale crop and livestock husbandry was fundamental to Catalhoyuk's continued success; 2. strong social pressures against household differentiation prevented site fissioning. The southwestern Asian Neolithic (c. 9,700/9,000-5,850/5,500 BC) marked a major turning point in human evolution and set the stage for the development of far more complex urbanized and state societies. The Neolithic is characterized by the world's earliest plant and animal agriculture as well as by the regional advent of large permanent villages, substantial architecture, marked increases in population density, and technological advances such as the introduction of pottery. These material innovations are associated with such profoundly significant cultural developments as social and economic stratification, occupational specialization, and the domestic mode of production. However, the Neolithic combination of crop and livestock husbandry has been associated not only with these positive developments but also with environmental degradation leading to cultural instability, as reflected in episodes of regional 'collapse'. The rich plant and animal assemblages from Catalhoyuk provide a rare opportunity to investigate the relationship between agricultural strategy and site stability from a different angle, focusing on the socioeconomic causes of success rather than failure. The goal is to develop a general understanding of the relationship between the site's mode of production and its long-term viability.The intellectual merit of the research is theoretical, methodological, and substantive. The project will interdigitate faunal and botanical evidence as a combined research strategy to address the degree of integration in the Neolithic farming 'package'. While it is widely acknowledged that the success and spread of early farming in the Near East coincided with the dual establishment of cultivation and herding, site-specific studies based on primary scientific evidence are urgently needed to clarify the role of closely intertwined crop and livestock management practices for the spread of the agricultural 'package' both within and beyond southwest Asia. The broader impacts of the study are that it will contribute significant information about the socioeconomic factors underlying economic and cultural robusticity in small-scale farming societies. The information gathered will be relevant not only to Asian and European prehistory but to present-day crises in food production related to large-scale land ownership, overspecialization, and a lack of economic integration at the household level. Turkish, British and U.S. students will participate in the project to enhance their training and increase their knowledge of Near Eastern prehistory.