Dynamics of Space and Time Use: Patterns, Causes, and Consequences for Crime and Problem Behaviors

空间和时间使用的动力学：犯罪和问题行为的模式、原因和后果本研究旨在增加对人们在日常生活中所经历的不同社区环境如何影响犯罪和其他问题行为的理解，并确定这些影响是否以相同的方式对不同年龄的个体起作用。现有的研究已经揭示了社区影响犯罪和其他相关问题的方式，但对社区环境的定义很狭隘，只包括人们居住的当地地区。该项目认识到，人类社会互动不是在一个时间点上发生的，也不完全包含在居住社区内。相反，人们在工作、上学、照顾孩子、医疗保健、非正式社交和宗教活动等日常活动中穿梭于各种动态的当地环境中。人们和社区之间的这些动态活动模式或多或少地造成了社会孤立，这反过来又影响到年轻人和成年人的犯罪和其他问题结果。本研究将：(1)利用来自洛杉矶家庭和社区调查的独特的空间和时间使用（即活动模式）信息和最先进的地理信息系统（GIS）技术来衡量个人和社区的社会隔离程度和特征；(2)描述这种社会隔离如何因种族、民族、经济地位和邻里类型而异；(3)探讨个人和社区社会隔离对生命历程中不同阶段的犯罪、犯罪和问题行为的影响。该项目的另一个好处是开发了测量工具，这些工具适用于跨越一系列学科的广泛的人类行为。它还将加强来自不同背景的研究生和本科生的培训和职业发展。这项研究的成果将包括一个会议，与会者来自多个学科，他们正在研究人类问题和其他行为的时空利用的测量、模式和后果，并出版一本面向学术和政策受众的书。

DYNAMICS OF SPACE AND TIME USE:PATTERNS, CAUSES, AND CONSEQUENCES FOR CRIME AND PROBLEM BEHAVIORSThis research seeks to increase understanding of how criminal and other problem behaviors are affected by the different neighborhood environments that people move through during the course of their daily lives, and to determine whether these influences operate in the same manner for individuals of different ages. Existing studies have shed some light on the ways that neighborhoods affect crime and other related problems, but have used a narrow definition of neighborhood environment that only includes the local area in which people live. This project recognizes that human social interactions do not take place at one time point and are not wholly contained within neighborhoods of residence. Rather, people move through a variety of dynamic local environments as they carry out their regular activities of going to work, school, child care, health care, informal socializing, and religious activities. These dynamic patterns of activity among people and communities produce more or less social isolation, which in turn, affects crime and other problem outcomes among young persons and adults. This research will: (1) use unique space- and time-use (i.e., activity pattern) information from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey and state-of-the-art Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology to measure the extent and character of social isolation for individuals and communities; (2) describe how such social isolation varies by race, ethnicity, economic status, and neighborhood type; and (3) explore the consequences of individual and neighborhood social isolation for crime, delinquency, and problem behaviors at different points in the life course. An added benefit of the project will be the development of measurement tools that are applicable to a wide range of human behaviors across an array of disciplines. It will also enhance the training and careers of graduate and undergraduate students from diverse backgrounds. The products from the research will include a conference with participants from multiple disciplines who are conducting research on the measurement, patterns, and consequences of space-time use for human problem and other behaviors, and the publication of a volume geared to academic and policy audiences.