Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Migration or Adoption? Modeling the Late Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain

在William A.帕金森，蒂莫西·帕森斯将测试两个相互竞争的模型，试图解释发生在大匈牙利平原（约1000年）铜时代晚期的戏剧性社会变化。公元前3500年），当时同质的“巴登文化”开始在中欧和东欧大部分地区延伸。 这些模式是：（1）土著变化模式;（2）迁移变化模式。 土著变化模型假定，社会和定居点的变化与晚期铜器时代的发展增加了地方和区域间的相互作用。 迁移模型假设当地人口将被入侵人口取代或吸收。 帕森斯推测，随着骑马和使用轮式推车变得越来越普遍，匈牙利及其周边地区人口之间的互动加剧，这是由于流动性的增加。 这种模式的考古学特征表现在整个喀尔巴阡盆地巴登物质文化的区域同质性。 关注区域同质物质文化发展的研究很重要，因为它解决了关于人类社会如何组织以及它们如何随着时间的推移而变化的几个重要问题。特别是，该项目将允许制定更一般的人类学模型，以了解类似的物质文化在大地理区域的传播。如果不仔细考虑地方和区域层面的定居和物质文化模式，就无法理解支撑这些模式的广义人类学过程--迁移、扩散和社会组织。 由于移民很难在考古记录中确定，这个项目研究了物质文化的变化，这些变化可能是由外来人口造成的（即，场地位置和场地大小的变化，以及陶瓷设计和生产方式的变化）。 该项目将通过在Körös河谷的铜器时代定居点进行考古实地考察来解决这些问题。具体而言，该项目将：1）确定铜器时代中期、铜器时代晚期和青铜器时代早期陶瓷设计和制造技术的变化，这些变化可能表明外部人口对当地制造业的影响; 2）详细说明在铜器时代晚期巴登时期之前的时期，定居模式是如何变化的; 3）使用陶瓷和定居点数据来了解匈牙利平原上的人口对巴登影响的反应。 作为这项研究的结果，它侧重于匈牙利大平原产生的模型，可用于人类学家和考古学家在世界各地不同的背景下处理类似的问题。除了社会科学家感兴趣的问题之外，该项目还鼓励国际合作科学研究，并加强美国和匈牙利学术界之间的学术和研究联系。 美国本科研究助理将受益于获得新的考古数据集，使这个项目成为一个很好的教育经验，并有机会与匈牙利人和美国人进行合作研究。 这项研究的结果将发表在美国和欧洲的学术期刊上，博士论文，并将在两大洲的学术会议上发表。 网站的筹备工作将提高该项目的公众可见度，并在网上提供原始数据。 此外，帕森斯以及本科生助理将获得上述分析方法的培训。

Under the supervision of Dr. William A. Parkinson, Timothy Parsons will test two competing models that seek to explain the dramatic social changes that occurred during the Late Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain (ca. 3500 BC), when the homogeneous "Baden Culture" began to extend across much of central and eastern Europe. These models are 1) a model of indigenous change; and 2) a model of migratory change. The indigenous change model posits that the social and settlement changes associated with the Late Copper Age developed out of increased local and interregional interaction. The migration model assumes that local populations would have been replaced or absorbed into invading populations. Parsons hypothesizes that intensified interactions between populations throughout Hungary and the surrounding region resulted from an increase in the ease of mobility as horse-riding and the use of wheeled carts became more common place. The archaeological signature of this pattern is indicated in the regional homogeneity of Baden material culture throughout the Carpathian Basin. Research focusing on the development of regionally homogenous material culture is important because it addresses several significant questions about how human societies were organized, and how they changed over time. In particular, this project will permit the formulation of more general anthropological models for understanding the spread of similar material culture over large geographic regions. The generalized anthropological processes underpinning these patterns - migration, diffusion, and social organization - cannot be understood without careful consideration of settlement and material culture patterns at both the local and regional levels. Because migration is difficult to identify in the archaeological record, this project examines changes in material culture that would have been caused by outside populations (i.e., changes in site locations and site size, and changes in how ceramics are designed and produced). The project will approach these questions by conducting archaeological fieldwork at Copper Age settlements in the Körös River Valley. Specifically, the project will: 1) identify changes in Middle Copper Age, Late Copper Age, and Early Bronze Age ceramic design and manufacturing techniques that may indicate the presence of an outside population's influence on local manufacture; 2) specify how settlement patterns changed during the periods leading up to the Late Copper Age Baden period; and, 3) use ceramic and settlement data to understand how populations on the Hungarian Plain reacted to Baden influence. The models generated as a result of this research, which focuses on the Great Hungarian Plain, can be used by anthropologists and archaeologists dealing with similar questions in different contexts throughout the world. Beyond issues of interest to social scientists, this project encourages international collaborative scientific research, and strengthens academic and research ties between the American and Hungarian scholarly communities. American undergraduate research assistants will benefit by having access to new archaeological data sets, making this project an excellent educational experience and a chance to engage in collaborative research with Hungarians and Americans. The results of this research will be published in American and European scholarly journals, a doctoral dissertation, and will be presented at academic conferences on both continents. The preparation of a website will enhance public visibility of the project and make the raw data available online. Furthermore, both Parsons as well as the undergraduate assistants will gain training in the methods of analysis mentioned above.