Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Social Transformations and Regional Scales of Identity in the Cibola World: AD 1150-1325

在Keith Kintigh博士的指导下，Matthew Peeples将对新墨西哥州和亚利桑那州Zuni/Cibola地区的陶器、建筑数据和遗址位置进行考古分析。Zuni/Cibola地区以当代Zuni普韦布洛和Zuni印第安保留地为中心。早在3000年前，这个地区就一直是一个相对较大的农业社区的所在地。人们的工作集中在公元1150年至公元1325年这一时期。这一时期见证了社区组织的重大转变，以及人们在整个地区互动方式的变化。在一代人的时间里，祖尼/西博拉地区的人们从生活在数千个分散的小农业村庄，变成生活在大约12个容纳数百人的大型有核城镇。这些分析的目的是为了了解在这一转变过程中，个人和群体之间的互动和社会认同是如何发生变化的。分析包括：(1)陶器的化学特征，重点是确定它的制作地点；(2)研究用于生产陶器的技术，重点是识别使用类似方法的人；(3)研究彩陶和公共建筑，重点是了解人们如何通过物质文化表达社会相似性或差异性；(4)研究遗址分布，重点是记录聚落变化。总之，这些分析将提供在广泛的社会变革时期在区域尺度上的社会组织和相互作用的动态特征。人们将测试基于关注社会运动的当代社会理论的模型，以探索跨越各种文化和历史背景的重大社会变革之间的潜在相似性。这项研究将带来考古学新理论的发展，以及如何在考古记录中解决区域尺度社会过程的新见解。庞大的、记录良好的区域定居点数据库、陶瓷源数据和物质文化分析将允许在考古学家或民族学家很少直接考虑的尺度上检查社会变化。像这里提出的考古研究是唯一适合这一目标的，因为民族学研究通常不能在如此广泛的范围内进行，而且在时间范围内是有限的。这项研究将通过让祖尼普韦布洛人参与协商，促进代表性不足的群体参与科学。在项目的各个阶段，人们将为祖尼部落理事会和其他感兴趣的祖尼人组织公开演讲。此外，Peeples将培训来自亚利桑那州立大学的三名本科人类学学生来协助该项目。这项培训将为这些学生提供工作技能，并促进未来的合作。最后，本研究解决了与美国原住民坟墓保护和遣返法案规定的美国文化归属评估直接相关的问题。具体来说，这项研究将提供一种不依赖于传统考古文化区域的替代方法来定义隶属关系。这种替代方案有可能通过具体处理社会和文化差异而不是掩盖它，帮助将人类学和美洲原住民的观点重新整合到对从属关系的考古评估中。

Under the direction of Dr. Keith Kintigh, Matthew Peeples will conduct archaeological analyses of pottery, architectural data, and site locations from the Zuni/Cibola region of New Mexico and Arizona. The Zuni/Cibola region is centered on the contemporary Zuni Pueblo and the Zuni Indian Reservation. This region has long been a location of relatively large agricultural communities beginning as early as 3,000 years ago. Peeples's work focuses on the period from AD 1150-AD 1325. This period saw a major transformation in the organization of communities as well as changes in the ways that people interacted across the region. In a single generation, people in the Zuni/Cibola region went from living in thousands of small, dispersed agricultural hamlets to living in about twelve large nucleated towns housing several hundred individuals. These analyses are directed at understanding how interaction and social identification among individuals and groups may have changed during this transition. Analyses include (1) chemical characterizations of pottery focused on determining where it was made, (2) studies of the techniques used to produce pottery focused on identifying people using similar methods, (3) studies of painted pottery and public architecture focused on understanding how people expressed social similarities or differences through material culture, and (4) studies of site distributions focused on documenting settlement changes. Together, these analyses will provide a dynamic characterization of social organization and interaction at a regional scale during a period of wide-spread social change. Peeples will test models based on contemporary social theories focused on social movements to explore potential similarities among major social transformations across a variety of cultural and historical contexts.This research will result in the use of well-developed body of theory new to archaeology, as well as new insights into how to address regional-scale social processes in the archaeological record. The large, well-documented regional database of settlements, ceramic source data, and material culture analyses will permit an examination of social change at scales that are seldom directly considered by archaeologists or ethnographers. Archaeological studies such as the one proposed here are uniquely suited to this objective because ethnological studies cannot typically take place at such broad scales and are limited in their temporal coverage. This study will promote participation of underrepresented groups in science by engaging members of the Pueblo of Zuni in consultation. Peeples will organize public presentations for the Zuni Tribal Council and other interested individuals at Zuni during various stages of the project. In addition, Peeples will train three undergraduate anthropology students from Arizona State University to assist in the project. This training will provide job skills for these students and will foster future collaborations. Lastly, this research addresses questions directly relevant for assessments of cultural affiliation in the United States as mandated by the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. Specifically, this research will provide an alternative means for defining affiliation that does not rely on traditional archaeological culture areas. This alternative has the potential to help in reintegrating anthropological and Native American perspectives into archaeological assessments of affiliation by specifically addressing social and cultural variation rather than masking it.