On-chip dynamic temperature monitoring and thermal evaluation of superconducting wires via optical whispering-gallery mode technique

传统的温度测量工具，如热电偶、热敏电阻和铂电阻温度计都是强度调制的。众所周知，光频率具有巨大的信息容量和精度，这是强度信号无法复制的。本项目的目标是开发一种基于光学调频回音廊模式(WGM)的芯片动态超精细测温系统，使高温超导(HTS)片上动态热管理和电源应用成为可能。尽管介质谐振器中的光学WGMS在分子水平和纳米尺度的检测和测量技术方面具有巨大的潜力，但由于热光效应和热膨胀效应，WGMS的许多应用都受到了热涨落的影响。然而，热效应可以转化为精确的温度测量和热表征。本项目提出了片上动态温度监测，将传感头直接涂覆在超导导线上形成一个细环，通过WGM谐振频移测量接触温度。该系统将以前所未有的高分辨率和精确度确定高温超导的临界温度(100K)。为了制造实用的片上WGM环形微谐振器，将进行超导导线上介质材料的涂层研究。该项目将重点对涂层传感器进行广泛的评估，包括电气、光学和热方面。传热学分析将增强对高温超导以及许多热管理和电力应用中所建议的传感器中的热传输的理解。智力价值：这个项目将增进对材料光电热效应的基本原理的理解，以及在微米/纳米尺度上超导电性的温度依赖性。它将低温温度测量分辨率推向前所未有的水平，为高端科学、工业、航天和军事系统提供了新的能力。所提出的微传感器的其他特征包括高稳定性、快速响应和微电子兼容性。超导电子学的发展日新月异，而高温超导电源的应用依赖于高效的片上动态热管理。该系统将在无干扰的情况下测量超导导线的实际温度，从而精确地确定临界温度。低温和超导领域的任何微小温度改善都可能是一个里程碑。调查人员和他们的团队已经成功地进行了一些初步研究。他们有良好的条件和条件进行拟议的研究和实现教育目标。更广泛的影响：微型传感器系统的成功开发更新了精确测量和科学发现的必要工具。与微电子学的兼容将导致集成传感器用于片上温度监测，这仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。该项目可能为研究高温超导导线的稳定性提供一个强有力的工具，对高温超导导线和器件的开发以及在电缆、电机和变压器中的电力应用都是有益的。所取得的成果将通过出版物、会议报告和研讨会向相关研究和工程界传播。它们可以培养对应用的商业兴趣，以满足对小型化、集成化、低温和高精度检测的需求。研究和教育将非常有助于培养研究生，并为本科生，特别是代表不足的少数族裔获得有意义的研究经验。它为学生提供了扩大他们的智力视野的机会，成为连接最先进的工程技术和基础科学的桥梁。罗格斯大学的课程和教学实验室将得到改进。加强国际研究和教育合作。

1067141GuoTraditional tools in temperature measurement such as thermocouples, thermistors, and platinum resistance thermometers are intensity modulated. It is well known that optical frequency has an enormous information capacity and accuracy that would be impossible to duplicate with intensity signals. The objective of this project is to develop an optical frequency-modulated whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) based on-chip dynamic ultrafine temperature measurement system that will enable high-temperature superconductor (HTS) on-chip dynamic thermal management and power applications. Although optical WGMs in dielectric resonators have great potentials in molecular level and nanoscale detection and measurement technologies, many applications with WGMs suffer from thermal fluctuations due to the thermo-optic and thermal expansion effects. Nevertheless, the thermal effects can be transferred into precise temperature measurement and thermal characterization. This project proposes on-chip dynamic temperature monitoring, in which the sensor head is directly coated to the superconductor wire to form a thin ring and the contact temperature is measured through the WGM resonance frequency shift. The system will determine the critical temperature ( 100 K) in HTS with unprecedented fine resolution and accuracy. A coating study of dielectric materials on superconductor wires will be conducted to enable the fabrication of practical on-chip WGM annular micro-resonators. The project will focus on an extensive evaluation of the coated sensors including electrical, optical, and thermal aspects. A heat transfer analysis will enhance understanding thermal transport in HTS and the proposed sensors for many thermal management and power applications. Intellectual Merit: This project will improve understanding the fundamentals of photo-electro-thermal effects of materials and the temperature dependence of superconductivity at the micro/nanoscale. It pushes cryogenic temperature measurement resolution to an unprecedented level, providing a new capability for high-end scientific, industrial, space and military systems. Other features of the proposed microsensor include high stability, fast response, and microelectronics compatibility. Superconductor electronics has been experiencing rapid development and the power applications of HTS rely on efficient on-chip dynamic thermal management. The proposed system will measure the actual superconducting wire temperature without interference; and thus, precisely determine the critical temperature. Any tiny temperature improvement in cryogenics and superconductivity could be a milestone. The investigators and their team have successfully conducted some initial studies. They are well-equipped and well-positioned to conduct the proposed research and to fulfill the education goals. Broader Impacts: Successful development of the microsensor system updates necessary tools for precise measurement and scientific discovery. Compatibility with microelectronics will lead to integrated sensors for on-chip temperature monitoring which is still a challenging task. The project could potentially provide a powerful tool to study the HTS wire stability and be beneficial to the HTS wire and devices development and power applications in cables, motors, and transformers. The results obtained will be disseminated to the relevant research and engineering communities through publications, conference presentations and seminars. They may foster a commercial interest in applications to meet the demand for miniaturization, integration, low temperature, and high accuracy detection. The research and education will be quite useful for training graduate students and gaining meaningful research experience for undergraduates, in particular underrepresented minorities. It offers students the opportunities to expand their intellectual horizon to a bridge connecting the state-of-the-art engineering technologies and basic science. The curriculum and instructional labs at Rutgers will be improved. The international research and education collaboration will be enhanced.