Reciprocity, Generosity, Trust, and Group Solidarity

摘要：互惠、慷慨、信任和群体团结研究表明，在西方文化（如美国和加拿大）和东方文化（如中国和日本）中长大的个体对自己、对所属群体的关系和义务的看法不同。这个实验项目有两个目标。第一个目标是调查这些记录在案的跨文化差异是否可以由社会结构的变化产生。为此，本研究的实验条件改变了参与者互动的社会交换网络类型。第二个目标是研究交换结构的变化如何促进交换网络中信任和承诺的发展。研究人员预测，广义交换，即参与者向不同的参与者提供利益，而不是从其他参与者那里获得利益（例如，与参与者相互竞争资源的网络相反），将比其他类型的交换产生更多的相互依赖和整体取向，以及更高水平的信任和承诺。最终，这项研究旨在帮助我们理解社会结构的变化如何影响东西方社会之间深刻的文化差异，以及不同文化之间信任和群体团结的差异。更广泛的影响了解社会条件，包括网络结构，如何塑造群体团结具有重要意义，无论是日常互动还是在社会快速变化或意外事件等关键情况下。如果成功，结果可能会建议干预措施，以促进群体合作行为，增加信任和团结，并提高在各种任务中的表现。这项研究也有一个重要的教育组成部分，导致一些研究生和本科生的研究培训。最后，这项研究将涉及对一个广泛使用的行为实验软件程序的修改，这些修改将免费提供给感兴趣的研究人员。

SES-1155289Jeffrey LucasCarmi SchoolerUniversity of Maryland, College ParkABSTRACTReciprocity, Generosity, Trust, and Group SolidarityResearch has shown that individuals raised in Western cultures (e.g., U.S. and Canada) and those raised in Eastern cultures (e.g., China and Japan) differ in their views of themselves and their relationships and obligations toward the groups of which they are part. This experimental project has two goals. The first goal is to investigate whether these documented cross-cultural differences can be produced by changes in the social structure. To that end, the experimental conditions in this study vary the types of networks of social exchange in which participants interact. The second goal is to study how variations in structures of exchange contribute to the development of trust and commitment in networks of exchange. The investigators predict that generalized exchange, in which actors give benefits to different actors than those from whom they receive benefits (as opposed, for example, to networks in which actors compete with each other for resources), will produce more interdependent and holistic orientations, as well as higher levels of trust and commitment, than other types of exchange. Ultimately, the research seeks to contribute to our understanding of how changes in social structure can affect profound cultural differences between Eastern and Western societies, a well as differences in trust and group solidarity across cultures.Broader Impacts Understanding how social conditions, including network structures, shape group solidarity has important implications, both for everyday interactions and in critical situations created e.g., by rapid social change or unexpected events. If successful, results might suggest interventions to promote cooperative behavior in groups, increase trust and solidarity, and improve performance on various types of tasks. The research also has a significant education component, leading to the training of a number of graduate and undergraduate students in research. Finally, the research will involve modifications to a widely used software program for behavioral experiments, modifications that will be made freely available to interested researchers.