Punishment Regimes and the Multi-Level Effects of Parental Imprisonment: Inter-Institutional, Inter-generational and Inter-sectional Models of Inequality and Exclusion

在美国，父母被监禁的程度高对孩子的影响有何不同？ 研究还没有系统地检查这些影响的变化与一个全面的和有代表性的国家样本，允许跨美国各州的变化分析。这项研究将是第一个研究的变化，母亲和父亲的监禁使用的研究设计，可以共同检查国家和学校一级的儿童政策的影响。 这项研究将基于自1995年以来收集的青少年数据，这些青少年现在是成年人，这些数据来自国家青少年健康纵向研究[Add Health]。 该研究将应用生命历程理论来研究从童年到青春期和早期到中年的潜在可改变的途径，重点关注诸如高中成绩，犯罪，司法系统接触，抑郁情绪和物质使用等良好的发展因素。总体的论点是，在美国社会中，青少年过渡到成年期和成年期经历了父母监禁的可变影响。 这种方法是代际的，将被监禁的父母与子女联系起来;是机构间的，将国家惩罚政策与当地学校联系起来;是跨部门的，将结果沿着种族/族裔和性别的不平等区分开来。该研究关注的是解释不平等的早期成人结果，包括收入，就业，财务压力和感知的相对社会经济地位。 样本是一个历史上独特的父母和孩子出生在高峰增长年（20世纪80年代）的大规模监禁，并在美国监禁的扩张进行了四次调查。 该项目包括以下目标：（1）制定国家惩罚措施，附在“补充健康”数据之后;（2）测试国家惩罚的效果;（3）测试学校惩罚政策和相关的学校效果;（4）测试父母监禁的效果。

How do effects of high levels of incarceration of parents on their children vary across the U.S.? Research has not systematically examined variation in these effects with a comprehensive and representative national sample that allows analysis of variation across U.S states. This research will be the first to examine variation in effects of maternal and paternal incarceration using a research design that can jointly examine state and school level policies on children. The research will be based on data gathered since 1995 on adolescents who are now adults in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health [Add Health]. The research will apply a life course theory to examine potentially modifiable pathways from childhood to adolescence and early to middle adulthood, focusing on such well measured developmental factors as high school grades, delinquency, justice system contacts, depressed feelings, and substance use. The overarching thesis is that variable effects of parental imprisonment are experienced by youth transitioning into and through adulthood in American society. The approach is intergenerational in linking imprisoned parents to children; inter-institutional in connecting state punishment policies with local schools; and intersectional in differentiating outcomes along racial/ethnic and gender lines of inequality. The research is concerned with explaining early adult outcomes of inequality, including earnings, employment, financial strain, and perceived relative socio-economic position. The sample is a historically unique cohort of parents and children born during the peak growth years (the 1980s) of mass incarceration and surveyed four times during the expansion of American imprisonment. The project includes the following objectives: (1) develop measures of state punishment to be appended to the Add Health data; (2) test state punishment effects; (3) test school punishment policies and related school effects; and (4) test parental imprisonment effects.