Genetic Analysis of Indigenous Dogs from Siberia to Greenland: Implications for Interaction among their Human Companions

该项目扩展了当前一项名为“北美北极地区史前犬类遗骸的遗传分析：对人类同伴之间相互作用的影响（ARC-1108175）”的研究。狗和人类在北极紧密地交织在一起，因此该项目有助于有关北部土著人民的运动和文化互动的人类学和考古学讨论。由于人类dna记录存在巨大差距，最初的提议不仅研究了亚洲和北美狗的分化问题，还研究了使用狗的dna作为北极人类活动的代理的可能性。来自公元1000年前和1000年后的古代狗的线粒体DNA与来自北极地区的现代因纽特狗的DNA进行了比较（测试了与欧亚种群接触后的独立性）。这个项目已经对因纽特人的身份产生了更广泛的影响，因为研究人员已经证明，奇米克（Qimmiq）或因纽特雪橇犬是北美（墨西哥北部）仅存的本土品种，至少在800年前，它伴随着该地区的祖先从西伯利亚迁徙到格陵兰岛。先前对从阿拉斯加和加拿大（北美博物馆储存库）获得考古骨骼和牙齿样本的原始奖励的研究结果表明，公元1000年前的狗样本低于预期（n=29；约为原始估计的1/3）。因此，私人机构申请了额外的支持，以便前往丹麦哥本哈根的动物博物馆，从阿拉斯加（三个地点）、加拿大（一个地点）和格陵兰岛（两个地点）获得额外的公元1000年前的样本。与此同时，最初的积极结果和同事们压倒性的热情导致1000个AD后样本（n=400）高于预期。随着原始估计的三倍以上，处理这些样品的时间增加了；然而，他们正在利用这个机会培养更多的古代DNA （aDNA）研究生。此外，扩大的资金将支持使用新的aDNA测序常规，称为下一代，将提供更快的测序和更高的分辨率序列。该方法的培训将在瑞典进行，随后将该方法传播给加州大学戴维斯分校的研究人员。PIs希望对现代和古代样本进行更精细的分析，使用线粒体、y染色体、STR和SNP标记，以及常染色体微卫星，这将使他们能够“估计东亚狗和北极狗之间的分化时间”，并确定这些狗是在更新世晚期还是在全新世晚期在亚洲分化。常染色体微卫星可能反映足够的变异性，以检查与流行病和/或1950-1975年因纽特犬的潜在扑杀有关的拟议遗传瓶颈。这项研究已经提供了对土著因纽特狗的第一次研究，现在将产生一个足够大的考古样本来近似一个生物种群。它还将强调利用人类同伴作为理解史前人类运动和互动的代理的重要性。

This project expands on a current study entitled "Genetic Analysis of Prehistoric Canis Remains from Across the North American Arctic: Implications for Interactions among their Human Companions (ARC-1108175)." Dogs and humans are intimately intertwined in the Arctic, and thus this project is contributing to anthropological and archaeological discussions concerning the movements and cultural interactions of indigenous peoples across the north. Because of large gaps in the human-DNA record, the original proposal not only investigates questions of the divergence of Asian and North American dogs but also investigates the possibility of using dog aDNA as a proxy for human movement in the Arctic. Ancient mitochondrial DNA from pre- and post-1000 AD dogs are compared to DNA from modern Inuit dogs (tested for independence from Eurasian stock post-contact) from across the Arctic. This project has already had broader impacts for Inuit identity, as the researhers have demonstrated that the Qimmiq or Inuit sled dog is the only indigenous breed remaining in North America (north of Mexico), and it accompanied ancestors of this region in their migration from Siberia to Greenland at least 800 years ago. Previous work on the original award to obtain archaeological bone and tooth samples from Alaska and Canada (North American Museum repositories) resulted in lower pre-1000 AD dog samples than anticipated (n=29; ca. 1/3 original estimate). Thus the PIs applied for additional support to enable travel to the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, Denmark, to obtain additional pre-1000 AD samples from Alaska (three sites), Canada (one site) and Greenland (two sites). At the same time initially positive results and overwhelming enthusiasm from colleagues resulted in higher than anticipated post-1000 AD samples (n=400). With more than three times original estimate, the time to process these samples has increased; however, they are taking this opportunity to train additional graduate students in ancient DNA (aDNA).In addition, the expanded funding will support the use of a new aDNA sequencing routine known as next-generation that will provide much faster sequencing and allow for much higher resolution sequences. Training for this method will take place in Sweden, followed by dissemination of the method to researchers at UC Davis. The PIs hope that using more fined-grain analysis of modern and ancient samples using mitochondrial, Y-chromosome, STR and SNP markers, and autosomal microsatellites will allow them to "estimate the time of divergence between East Asian dogs and Arctic dogs," and determining whether these dogs diverged in Asia in the late Pleistocene or later during the later Holocene. Autosomal microsatellites may reflect enough variability to examine a proposed genetic bottleneck associated with an epidemic and/or potential culling Inuit dogs ca. 1950-1975. This study has already provided the first study of indigenous Inuit dogs, and now will produce an archaeological sample large enough to approximate a biological population. It will also underscore the importance of using human companions as a proxy for understanding prehistoric human movements and interactions.