Phylogeny and evolution of digger wasps based on molecular and morphological data, with special reference to their relationships to bees

挖掘蜂(Sphecidae，今天的非蜂类)是一类形态和行为都不同的刺蜂，也就是有刺的膜翅目，由大约1万个已知物种组成。它们被认为是一个异常的，人工的群体，不是起源于它自己的茎物种。它们与物种丰富的蜜蜂(蜂形目)一起，形成了一个得到很好支持的单系蜜蜂总科。为了更好地了解蜂总科和针叶蜂总科的系统发育和进化，描述蜂类的单系亚群是非常重要的。这也将导致解决继蜜蜂姐妹群之后的重大而仍然悬而未决的问题。为了实现这些目标，我们将根据分子和形态特征进行系统发育分析。该数据集将包括非蜂类的所有较高级别的分类群，这将导致大约100个末端分类群，包括外群。对于每个基因，我们将对10个基因进行测序。我们还将从文献中提取相关的形态特征，包括申请者提供的许多仍未发表的字符，这些字符将用于创建一个全面的数据矩阵。我们将在分支分析中使用这两个数据集，所得到的树将作为关于蜂类和蜜蜂总科内特征进化的假设的基础。

Digger wasps (“Sphecidae”, today apoid wasps) are a morphologically and behaviorally heterogeneous group of stinging, that is, aculeate Hymenoptera and comprises about 10,000 known species. They are considered to be a paraphyletic, artificial group, which does not originate from a stem species of its own. Together with the species-rich bees (Apiformes), they form a well-supported monophyletic Apoidea. In order to understand the phylogeny and evolution of the Apoidea including bees as well as the Aculeata in total, characterizing the monophyletic subgroups within apoid wasps is of great importance. This will also lead to solve the significant and still open question after the sistergroup of the bees. In order to achieve these goals, we will conduct phylogenetic analyses based on molecular and morphological characters. The dataset will comprise all higher-level taxa in apoid wasps, which will result in abpout 100 terminal taxa, including outgroups. For each we will sequence 10 genes. We will also extract relevant morphological characters from the literature, inuding many still unpublished characters provided by the applicants, which will be used to create a comprehensive datamatrix. We will employ both datasets in cladistic analysis, and the resulting trees will serve as a basis for hypotheses on character evolution in apoid wasps and within Apoidea.