Replicating Experimental Studies: Moving Beyond Undergraduate Student Samples

近年来，社会科学家越来越关注实验研究结果的可复制性。虽然复制是科学的一个标志，但社会科学家在复制工作上投入的时间和注意力相对较少。此外，在社会科学家确实试图严格复制实验研究的方法论的情况下，几乎总是重复以本科生为参与者进行的研究，并使用具有新的本科生样本的研究。实验者很少用不是本科生的样本进行方法论上的重复。研究人员将尝试复制三项被广泛引用的实验研究的结果，使用老年人的样本，但也对每项研究做出新的预测。这项研究建议复制三项来自社会心理学的重要实验研究，每项研究都侧重于性别规范和/或性别行为。复制将以年龄限制的退休社区中的老年人为参与者完成。其中一项有待复制的研究是雪莱·科雷尔等人(2007年)S关于母亲惩罚的研究，该研究发现，本科生对求职母亲的评价比没有孩子的女性更负面，而他们对父亲的评价比没有孩子的男性更积极。第二个是布伦特·辛普森？S(2003)的论文，该论文发现，在参与社会困境时，女性相对更多地对恐惧做出反应，而男性相对更多地对贪婪做出反应。第三个是罗布·威勒等人在2013年发表的S的论文。该论文发现，男子汉气概受到威胁的男性会表现出极端的男子气，而女性化受到威胁的女性则不会表现出女性化的气质。我们有很多理由认为，老年人在这些研究中的行为可能会与大学生不同，尽管我们预计他们的行为也会有一些相同的方式(例如，在劳动力市场上惩罚母亲而不是非母亲)。这些研究的结果应该在根本上推动科学的发展，开展一项经常被认为是科学进步的基础但很少有人从事的活动。此外，每一次复制都有能力产生具有理论和智力意义的结果，而不仅仅是确定原始结果是否适用于新样本。拟议的研究也有一个重要的培训部分，导致对三名研究生进行创新环境下的研究方法强化培训。

Social scientists have in recent years become increasingly concerned about the extent to which results of experimental studies can be replicated. Although replication is a hallmark of science, social scientists devote relatively little time and attention to replication efforts. Additionally, in the cases when social scientists do attempt strict methodological replications of experimental studies, it is nearly always a case of replicating studies carried out with undergraduate students as participants with studies that have new samples of undergraduate students. Experimentalists rarely pursue methodological replications with samples not comprised of undergraduates. The investigator will attempt to replicate findings in three widely cited experimental studies using a sample of older adults, but also makes new predictions for each study.This research proposes to replicate three important experimental studies from social psychology, each with a focus on gender norms and/or gendered behavior. The replications will be completed with a sample of older adults in an age-restricted retirement community as participants. One of the studies to be replicated is Shelley Correll et al.'s (2007) study on the motherhood penalty, which found that undergraduate students evaluated mothers who were job candidates more negatively than women without children, whereas they evaluated fathers more positively than men without children. A second is Brent Simpson?s (2003) paper which found that women responded relatively more to fear, and men relatively more to greed, when participating in a social dilemma. The third is Rob Willer et al.'s (2013) paper which found that men who had their masculinity threated responded with extreme displays of masculinity, whereas women who had their femininity threatened did not respond with femininity displays. There are a number of reasons to expect that older adults might behave differently in these studies than did college students, although we expect them to behave in some of the same ways (e.g., penalizing mothers relative to non-mothers in the labor market) as well. The results of the studies should advance science in fundamental ways, pursuing an activity that is frequently acknowledged as fundamental to the advancement of science but rarely pursued. Additionally, each replication has the capacity to produce results that are of theoretical and intellectual interest beyond simply determining whether the original results hold in a new sample. The proposed studies also have a significant training component, leading to intensive training in research methods in an innovative setting for three graduate students.