Doctoral Dissertation Research: Organizational Emergence in the Era of Racial Risk: The Black Guerilla Family and the Aryan Brotherhood in California

种族风险时代的组织出现：加州黑人游击家庭和雅利安兄弟会的兴起本项目将通过关注监狱环境中的组织间关系和种族胁迫，促进我们对监狱社会系统及其对监狱帮派发展的影响的理解。以加州监狱系统中黑人游击队家族和雅利安兄弟会的发展为比较案例研究，该项目将回答四个相互关联的问题：(1)监狱组织领域的社会控制如何强制影响监狱帮派的发展？(2)什么样的强制过程推动了监狱中种族群体之间的冲突或凝聚力，这如何影响监狱帮派的发展？(3)组织如何？与监狱工作人员的关系会影响他们的发展吗？(4)社会的社会、政治和经济变化如何影响监狱组织领域及其对监狱帮派发展的影响？了解监狱组织领域及其与监狱帮派发展的联系将为改善监狱条件和减少歧视性地使用极端惩罚技术（如不确定的单独监禁）提供支持。研究结果还将有助于我们理解剥夺和种族胁迫对工作人员-囚犯和囚犯-囚犯关系的影响，揭示囚犯和工作人员减轻风险和管理威胁的努力实际上如何导致周期性的种族化暴力，并助长监狱帮派的发展。该项目采用比较历史的方法，使用了42次访谈和大约600份档案文件，内容涉及北加州的监狱环境和监狱帮派、加州的社会和政治运动以及加州惩教和改造部。调查人员将进行28次访谈，以扩大初步数据集，其中包括(a)对黑人游击队家族创始人和早期成员的14次访谈，北加州的前囚犯，以及来自湾区的社会和政治活动家；(B)从8个档案馆收集的档案文件和调查：加利福尼亚州立档案馆，加州大学伯克利分校？斯坦福大学班克罗夫特图书馆？美国的绿色图书馆、金州大学法学院数字档案馆、自由档案馆、密歇根州立大学黑豹档案馆、联邦调查局金库和It？关于时间黑豹档案馆。这些文件包括联邦调查、内部CDCR调查和备忘录、加州立法听证会、监狱事件报告、囚犯信件和私人通信、囚犯通讯、社会和政治组织的报告、囚犯和监狱工作人员回忆录、联邦法院案件记录和州法院案件记录。另外28个采访对象将是黑人游击队家族成员，雅利安兄弟会成员，狱警，以及曾经入狱的人。该项目分为三个时期，以确定这些过程如何影响监狱帮派的发展。研究的时间段是1961-1971年，1971-1990年和1990-2000年，这使得研究能够衡量20世纪60年代动荡的社会和政治变革中的组织发展，20世纪70年代和80年代加利福尼亚的毒品战争和大量囚犯涌入，以及20世纪90年代大规模监禁的影响。

Organizational Emergence in the Era of Racial Risk: the Rise of the Black Guerilla Family and Aryan Brotherhood in CaliforniaThis project will advance our understanding of the prison social system and its affect on prison gang development by focusing on inter-organizational relations and racial coercion within the prison environment. Using the development of the Black Guerilla Family and the Aryan Brotherhood in the California prison system as comparative case studies, the project will answer four interrelated questions: (1) How does social control in the prison organizational field coercively influence prison gang development? (2) What coercive processes propel conflict or cohesion between racial groups in prison and how does this impact prison gang development? (3) How does an organization?s relationship to prison staff affect their development? and (4) How do social, political, and economic changes in society affect the prison organizational field and its influence on prison gang development? Understanding the prison organizational field and its connections with prison gang development will provide support for improving prison conditions and reducing the discriminate use of extreme punishment techniques such as indeterminate solitary confinement. Study results will also contribute to our understanding of the consequences of deprivation and racial coercion on staff-prisoner and prisoner-prisoner relations, revealing how prisoner and staff efforts to mitigate risk and manage threats can actually lead to cyclical, racialized violence and fuel prison gang development.The project takes a comparative historical approach and uses 42 interviews and approximately 600 archival documents about the prison environment and prison gangs in Northern California, social and political movements in California, and the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. The investigator will conduct 28 interviews to expand a preliminary dataset that consists of (A) 14 interviews with Black Guerilla Family founders and early members, formerly incarcerated men in Northern California, and social and political activists from the Bay Area and (B) archival documents and surveys collected from 8 archives: California State Archives, UC-Berkeley?s Bancroft Library, Stanford University?s Green Library, Golden State University School of Law Digital Archive, the Freedom Archives, Michigan State University Black Panther Archive, the Federal Bureau of Investigation Vault, and the It?s About Time Black Panther Archive. These documents include federal investigations, internal CDCR investigations and memos, California legislative hearings, prison incident reports, prisoner letters and private correspondence, prisoner newsletters, reports from social and political organizations, prisoner and prison staff memoirs, federal court case transcripts, and state court case transcripts. The additional 28 interviews will be conducted with members of the Black Guerilla Family, the Aryan Brotherhood, correctional officers, and formerly incarcerated men. The project is divided into three time periods to ascertain how these processes affect prison gang development over time. The time periods examined are 1961-1971, 1971-1990, and 1990-2000, which allow the study to measure organizational development across the turbulent social and political change of the 1960s, the war on drugs and the massive influx of prisoners in California in the 1970s and 1980s, and the effects of mass incarceration as seen in the 1990s.