Criticism today. Theory of society, sociology and critique of the social in France and Germany.

“社会批判理论”代表了当代德国和法国哲学讨论中的一个特定研究领域，但它不能被纳入一个统一的思维范式。我们的项目将考察不同方法的分歧和趋同，旨在从历史的、系统的和法德的角度制定社会批判理论。这项跨学科研究应考虑到方法论（对象“社会”的方法）、本体论（对象“社会”的现实）和形而上学（批评标准的地位）维度的重要连续性和不连续性，并展示它们如何构建社会批评领域。本研究将解决三个问题：首先，它将追溯自1945年以来德国和法国政治哲学中“批评”概念的历史（项目一）；而在德国，这种“批评”的概念被赋予了一个狭隘的意义（法兰克福学派），它是受制于各种用途和解释在法国（阿尔都塞，福柯，利奥塔，朗西弗瑞，巴里巴）。应该进行比较研究，一方面强调两种传统在概念使用上的差异，另一方面研究各自传统内部采取“批评的批评”形式的辩论。其次，将系统地讨论社会概念和批评概念的方法论、本体论和（后）形而上学前提（项目二）。社会批判的两种方法是对立的：一种是批判的概念，它使批判理论的可能性依赖于掌握社会现实的社会理论（阿尔都塞、阿多诺、布迪厄）；另一种是从内部角度对社会本身进行批判的概念，理论在这里仍然是批判的容器（福柯、博尔坦斯基、朗西弗里特、哈贝马斯、霍尼特）。第三，该项目试图检查批评的实际相关性（项目三）。为此，它应在德国和法国两种对社会现实有哲学和社会学研究方法的传统之间建立对话：法兰克福批判理论（哈贝马斯，Honneth）和“批判社会学”（博尔坦斯基，th<s:1> venot），后者是对布迪厄的“批判社会学”的回应。这两种方法之间的对话，分享了社会行动者有批评能力的观点，应该通过包含不接受这些假设的冲突方法来补充（ranci<e:1>，巴里巴，博尔坦斯基的晚期作品）。本项目也将检视批判理论与社会实践（社会运动）之间的关系，并探讨社会哲学与政治哲学的方法之间的张力，在它们的领域明显重叠的点上。

The "Critical Theory of Society" represents a specific field of research in the contemporary German and French philosophical discussion which however cannot be subsumed under a unified paradigm of thinking. Our project shall examine the divergences and convergences of different approaches aiming at formulating a critical theory of society in a historical, systematic and Franco-German perspective. This cross-disciplinary study shall take into account the significant continuities and discontinuities in the methodological (approach of the object "society"), ontological (reality of the object "society") and metaphysical (status of the criteria of criticism) dimensions to consider, and to show how they structure the field of social critique.The study will address three issues: Firstly, it shall trace back the history of the concept "criticism" in political philosophy since 1945 in Germany and France (Project I); while in Germany this notion of "criticism" is assigned a narrow meaning (Frankfurt School), it is subject to various uses and interpretations in France (Althusser, Foucault, Lyotard, Rancière, Balibar). A comparative study shall be carried out, emphasizing on the one hand the differences between the two traditions in the use of the concept, and studying on the other hand the debates that took within the respective traditions the form of a "criticism of criticism". Secondly, shall be systematically discussed the methodological, ontological, and (post)metaphysical presuppositions of the concept of society and the concept of criticism (Project II). Two approaches of the criticism of the social are opposed: a conception of the criticism, which makes the possibility of criticizing the theory depend on the theory of society that grasps the social reality (Althusser, Adorno, Bourdieu), and a conception that draws the criticism of the social itself from an internal perspective, the theory remaining here the container of the critique (Foucault, Boltanski, Rancière, Habermas, Honneth). Thirdly, the project seeks to examine the actual relevance of the criticism (Project III). For this purpose, it shall establish a dialogue between the two tradition that have, in Germany and France, a philosophical and sociological approach to social reality: the Frankfurter critical theory (Habermas, Honneth) and the "sociology of criticism" (Boltanski, Thévenot), which was developed in response to the "critical sociology" of Bourdieu. The dialogue between the two approaches, that share the idea that social actors have the capacity of criticizing, shall be supplemented by the inclusion of conflicting approaches that do not accept these assumptions (Rancière, Balibar, the late work of Boltanski). This project shall also examine the relationship between critical theory and social practice (social movements) and explore the tension between the approach of the social philosophy and the political philosophy, at the point where their territory overlap obviously.