Influences of State Policies and Racialized Parental Incarceration on Youth Justice System Contact and Conflict, Emotional Estrangement and Intergenerational Life Outcomes

从1970年到2010年，美国的警察侧写和大规模监禁以前所未有的速度增加。 自2010年以来，这种情况有所减少，特别是在非洲裔美国人的父母和年轻人中，他们因轻微毒品犯罪而被判为严重罪行而被监禁的比例不成比例。经济学家格伦·卢里（Glen Loury）观察到，“黑人”导致了“对黑人不利的错误归因”，而社会学家贝基·佩蒂特（Becky Pettit）和布鲁斯·韦斯特（Bruce Western）则表明，这使得许多非裔美国人的父母及其子女不成比例地入狱成为“正常”。本研究的重点是父母监禁对儿童的差异的结果。重点是年龄在15岁至35岁之间的儿童，使用的数据来自五波国家青少年和成人健康纵向研究[Add Heath]。分析集中在（a）如何在父母监禁和由此产生的家庭轨迹的状态变化影响他们的孩子，（B）儿童从青年到成年的过渡期展开的生活经验，以及（c）在这些父母和青年的经验的差异后的生命历程教育和职业后果。添加健康数据集提供了独特的可能性，用于评估在最近的大规模监禁时代，美国各州经历了分析和惩罚变化的父母和儿童的生活事件。这项研究将分析这个大规模监禁时代的青年样本从青春期到成年。 了解州一级政策的可变后果需要分析这些州以及收集的受影响个人的数据，而添加健康数据允许两者。 过去，Add Health与该研究团队合作，增加了对青少年和成人犯罪以及父母及其青少年和年轻成年子女从监狱返回的新措施。目前的研究将扩展这项工作，并独特地开发新的措施，增加交通违法行为的警务和处罚的健康。交通违规是特别重要的，例如，当他们有争议的结果，“驾驶，而黑色。”对这些措施的分析将具有特别重要的意义，因为它们可以嵌入到更大的多重浪潮和国家健康补充框架中。测量和分析将进一步研究各州之间的变量积累以及罚款和法庭费用的抽样个人如何对持续到成年中期的生活结果产生破坏性影响。 上述新增的国家Add Health数据集也将公开供其他研究人员分析。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

From about 1970 to 2010, police profiling and mass incarceration increased at historically unprecedented rates in America. Since 2010, there have been variable reductions, especially among African-American parents and youth who have been disproportionately imprisoned for minor drug offenses punished as serious crimes. The economist Glen Loury has observed that ‘blackness’ had led to “misattributions detrimental to blacks,” while the sociologists Becky Pettit and Bruce Western has shown that this has made the abnormality of going to prison disproportionately “normal” for many African-American parents and their children. The present study focuses on the results of disparities in parental incarceration on children. The focus is on children from ages of about 15 to 35, using data from five waves of the National Longitudinal of Study Adolescent and Adult Health [Add Heath]. The analysis concentrates on (a) how state variation in parental incarceration and resulting family trajectories affects their children, (b) the unfolding life experiences of child transitions from youth to adulthood, and (c) the later life course educational and occupational consequences of differences in these parental and youth experiences. The Add Health data set offers unique possibilities for assessing unfolding life events of parents and children who have experienced variation in profiling and punishment across American states during the recent era of mass incarceration. This study will analyze this mass incarceration era sample of youth from adolescence into adulthood. Understanding variable consequences of state level policies requires analysis of these states alongside data also collected on the affected individuals, and the Add Health data allow both. In the past, Add Health has worked with this research team to add new measures of youth and adult crime and the return of parents, as well as their adolescent and young adult children, from prison. The current research will extend this work and uniquely develop new measures with Add Health of the policing and punishment of traffic violations. Traffic violations are uniquely important, for example, when they are disputed as resulting from “driving while Black.” Analysis of these measures will be of special importance because they can be embedded within the larger multiple wave and national framework of Add Health. The measurement and analysis will further examine how the variable accumulation across states and the sampled individuals of fines and court costs may have damaging consequences for life outcomes that last into and through middle adulthood. The above additions to the national Add Health data set will be made publicly available for other researchers to analyze as well.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.