Federalism of Rights: Perspectives of Dialogue and Pluralism in Multilevel Fundamental Rights Adjudication. Germany, the U.S., and the EU Compared

在一项比较研究中，我想了解联邦系统中对话和多元基本权利裁决的不同潜力。德国，美国，和欧盟是调查的对象。我期待着我的研究成果，特别是关于欧洲基本权利保护的当前挑战。我特别想到的是欧洲法院在欧盟加入《欧洲人权公约》和《公约》保护体系之后的作用，以及德国联邦宪法法院在持续的欧洲化过程中的作用。在这种背景下，我认为，发展一种多层次基本权利裁决的联邦理论是合适的，作为一种替代，以共同的国家和主权为导向的理解。为此，我将主要关注在多层次系统中有效保护个人基本权利，基本权利法院互动的模式和程序，以及它们的责任分工，最后是作为建设性对话形式的联邦制。这种联邦的观点有助于理解法律的原则，包括适用范围、审查标准和审查强度，这些都是制度结构和法院互动的函数。首先，我将确定德国、美国、和欧盟。第二步，我将分析基于联邦权利的单一化的复杂现象。在第三步，我将在法院互动的基础上，通过趋同解释，寻找更好、更适当的基本权利保护的可能性。因此，我将研究如何在一个以联邦竞争和法院间对话为基础的权利联邦制中实现趋同，而不是单方面的单一化。这是基于法院在视线水平互动的先决条件。为此，我将特别分析（成员）国法院为了将其判例的范围扩大到其管辖范围之外，从而加强其作为对话伙伴的重要性而制定的战略。在第四步中，我将最后审查基本权利裁决可能使用的理论和程序，以便对联邦多样性更加开放。我将根据工作计划的上述步骤，提出结构上适当的建议，并可作为多级系统法院的指导方针。

In a comparative study, I would like to generate knowledge about the differing potentials for a dialogical and pluralistic fundamental rights adjudication in federal systems. Germany, the U.S., and the EU are the subject of the investigation. I am expecting a practically relevant output of my research especially with regard to current challenges of fundamental rights protection in Europe. I am thinking particularly of the role of the ECJ after the EU's accession to the ECHR and the Convention system of protection, on the one hand, and of the role of the German Federal Constitutional Court in the course of an ongoing Europeanization, on the other. Against this background, I consider it appropriate to develop a federal theory of multilevel fundamental rights adjudication, as an alternative to common state- and sovereignty-oriented understandings. To that end, I will focus mainly on effective fundamental rights protection for the individual in multilevel systems, on the modes and procedures of the fundamental rights courts' interaction, and on their division of responsibilities, in fine on federalism as a form of constructive dialogue. Such a federal viewpoint helps to understand legal doctrines with regard to the scope of application, review standards, and intensity of review as a function of the institutional structures and of court interaction.I have divided the work program into four steps. First, I will identify the different framework conditions with regard to competences and institutions in Germany, the U.S., and the EU. In a second step, I will analyze the complex phenomenon of unitarization based on federal rights. In the third step, I will search for the potential for a better, more appropriate fundamental rights protection in a convergent interpretation which builds on the interaction of courts. Therefore, I will investigate how convergence, instead of unilateral unitarization, can be achieved in a federalism of rights on the basis of federal competition and of a dialogue between courts. This is based on the prerequisite that the courts interact at eye level. For this reason, I will analyze in particular the strategies which (member) state courts have developed in order to extend the reach of their jurisprudence beyond the limits of their jurisdiction, thereby strengthening their own significance as dialogue partners. In the fourth step, I will finally examine the doctrines and procedures that fundamental rights adjudication may use in order to become more open towards federal diversity. I will develop proposals which seem structurally adequate on the basis of the preceding steps of the work program and may serve as guidelines for courts in multilevel systems.