Cross-language and individual differences in the production and perception of syllabic prominence. Rhythm-typology revisited.

跨语言和说话人之间的语音差异的韵律结构的单词和话语的实现单词重音和<$information <$accents（主题和焦点）的后果将在上下文的句子和他们的重复等价物的控制生产进行分析。一些传统上被认为是重音计时的语言（例如德语，英语，俄语，保加利亚语）将与音节计时语言（例如，法语、西班牙语、意大利语）和不太容易归类为这两种语言的语言（例如，葡萄牙语、捷克语）以及日语（作为摩拉蒂默语的代表）。结构差异：a）音节复杂性的变化差异，B）是否使用特殊元音长度，c）非重读元音的语音状态和d）频谱减少的类型，e）重音和重音系统的类型，据推测，限制了在产生突出音节时对持续时间、F0、和频谱清晰度的利用。解剖和手势模式变化（例如，个体之间的声道形状、开口程度）也可能系统地影响这些参数的加权。我们不知道对突出性的感知是否会相应地有所不同。 参数权重之间的交易关系，无论是内部或跨语言可以保持可比的突出感知。信号操纵实验将被用来检查和量化跨语言群体和语言群体内的服从性参数的相对感知权重。结果将有影响的普遍性，节奏类型学，韵律音位学的理论，更实际的是，在第二语言学习和语音合成的干扰理论。

The consequences of cross-language and inter-speaker phonetic differences in the prosodic structuring of words and utterances for the realization of word stress and ¿information¿ accents (topic and focus) will be analyzed in the controlled production of contextualised sentences and their reiterant equivalents. A number of languages, traditionally considered to be stress-timed (e.g. German, English, Russian, Bulgarian), will be compared to syllable-timed languages (e.g., French, Spanish, Italian) and languages which are not so readily categorized as either (e.g., Portuguese, Czech) as well as to Japanese (as the representative of moratimed languages). Structural differences: a) differences in the variability of syllable complexity, b) the use or not of distinctive vowel length, c) the phonological status and d) type of spectral ¿reduction¿ in unstressed vowels, e) the type of stress and accent system, it is hypothesized, constrain the exploitation of duration, F0, ¿loudness¿ and spectral distinctness in producing prominent syllables. Anatomical and gestural-pattern variation (e.g., vocal tract shape, degree of mouth opening) between individuals may also systematically affect the weighting of these parameters. Whether the perception of prominence differs correspondingly is not known. Trading relations between parameter weights, either within- or cross-language could maintain comparable prominence percepts. Signal-manipulation experiments will be employed to examine and quantify the relative perceptual weighting of the prominence-giving parameters across and within languagegroups. The results will have implications for theories of universality, rhythm typology, metrical phonology and, more practically, for interference theories in second-language learning and for speech synthesis.