Heinrich Claß. The Political Memoirs of the Chairman of the Pan-German League, 1915-1933/36

海因里希·克拉斯（1868-1953）曾担任泛德意志联盟主席（1891-1939），其回忆录的版本旨在为当代德国民族主义的持续研究做出贡献。该项目结合了两个层面的分析：首先，自传和传记视角允许研究泛德联盟最重要的代表人物的基本社会和政治变革的个人经历。其次，在联盟历史的关键转折点上，该项目提供了泛德意志联盟的结构分析，从德意志帝国旧资产阶级民族主义的最重要的压力集团到魏玛共和国的一个纯粹的利益集团。1936年完成的克拉斯回忆录，对泛德意志社会和政治秩序概念在议会外协会以及政治右翼政党发展中的重要性提供了独特的视角。回忆录还阐明了泛德政治的结构性限制，这是由于第一次世界大战以来，与新的准军事和民粹主义群众右翼运动在意识形态和动员方面的竞争日益加剧。回忆录显示了克拉斯为促成右翼内部合作所做的各种尝试，这些尝试在本文所述期间发生了根本性的变化。尽管泛日耳曼同盟在1908年至1939年期间在阶级领导下的适应性和政治激进化，以及新的民族主义组织对泛日耳曼核心要素的日益适应，泛日耳曼与1918年之后更激进的运动形成了重要的界限。这一过程在民族主义右翼的史学中被低估了。该项目将表明，德意志帝国和第三帝国之间所谓的国家对立，在世界观和环境方面比目前研究中系统反映的更为分层。泛日耳曼联盟不仅是民族主义右翼新旧运动之间在意识形态和政治上缺失的一环。在19世纪60年代，阶级的代际社会化以及帝国时代保守主义、民族自由主义和民族民族主义所塑造的政治文化中资产阶级价值观的显著稳定性，使阶级无法无条件地适应国家社会主义者所宣传的暴力和大众政治的政治风格。

The edition of the memoirs of Heinrich Claß (1868-1953), who served as chairman of the Pan-German League (1891-1939), aims to contribute to the continuing study of contemporary German nationalism. The project combines two levels of analysis: First, the autobiographical and biographical perspective allows a study of the individual experiences of fundamental social and political change of the most important representative of the Pan-German League. Second, the project offers a structural analysis of the Pan-German League at the crucial turning point in the Leagues history from being the most important pressure group of old bourgeois nationalism of Imperial Germany to an mere interest group of notables in the Weimar Republic.The memoirs of Claß, which were completed in 1936, allow a unique view at the importance of Pan-German concepts of social and political order in the development of extra-parliamentary associations as well as parties of the political Right. The memoirs also illuminate the structural limits of Pan-German politics due to increasing ideological and mobilizational competition with new paramilitary and populist mass movements of the Right since the First World War. The memoirs show the variety of attempts of Claß to generate cooperation within the Right that changed fundamentally during the period under consideration. Despite the adaptability of the Pan-German League and its political radicalization under the leadership of Claß between 1908 and 1939, as well as the increasing adaptation of Pan-German core elements by new nationalist organizations, the Pan-Germans developed a significant demarcation to the more radical movements after 1918. This process had been underestimated in the historiography of the nationalist Right.The project will show that the so-called national opposition between Imperial Germany and the Third Reich was more stratified along Weltanschauung and milieu than had been systematically reflected in current research. The Pan-German League was not only an ideological and political missing link between old and new movements of the nationalist Right. Specific characteristics of generational socialization of the cohort of the 1860s around Claß and a remarkable stability of bourgeois values of a political culture that was shaped by conservatism, national liberalism, and ethnic nationalism of the Imperial era prevented Claß to adapt unconditionally to the political style of violence and mass politics of Volksgemeinschaft, as the National Socialists had propagated.