The What and When of Processing Projective Content

投射内容(PC)的研究主要依靠内省和离线的方法，如句子家族测试和‘嘿，等一下’测试。这些方法在划分不同类别的PC方面卓有成效，并已被应用于各种语言。在过去的十年里，这些结果得到了许多在线研究的支持，这些在线研究调查了不同类型的PC驱动的加工步骤的绝对定时。然而，对于在文献中被归类为投射的表达的解释步骤的相对时序，我们似乎仍然缺乏准确的图景。在本项目中，我们旨在为实验研究不同类型的PC相对于其他类型的语言信息(形态、句法、词汇)的处理所涉及的解释步骤的相对时序奠定基础。该项目将涉及三种类型的PC：唯一性预设、表现性预设和可加性/排他性预设/隐含。所有三个研究分支都将基于PC施加语境适宜性条件的假设；因此，我们将通过为PC提供不同类型的语境来操纵包含PC触发语的目标句子的语境属性。此外，所有三个分支都使用目标句中(非PC)表达处理的时间进程作为锚点，以此来衡量PC效果的时序。也就是说，我们将使用一些形态句法和词汇操纵的公认效应(依恋偏好、隐含因果关系的影响等)。作为一个基准，可以参照它来衡量受PC影响的解释步骤的开始和展开。在该项目的平行部分中，我们计划使用我们的材料的精简版本来测试儿童，以了解更多关于PC处理能力的习得。我们将使用离线和在线相结合的方法，其中包括Felicity评级，2AFC任务，带和不带鼠标跟踪的任务。最重要的是，我们将在阅读中使用眼球跟踪来准确地确定解释步骤的确切时间。这个项目将对整个优先计划XPRAG.de做出双重贡献：一方面，我们希望加深我们对加工PC的心理语言学的理解，即加工背后的表征和过程，以及它的习得；此外，我们的结果将有助于PC的实验研究的方法论选择。另一方面，我们关于处理不同类型PC的时间过程的结果将有助于讨论PC的异质性，并最终可能导致基于其处理行为的更细粒度的PC类型的区分。

The investigation of projective content (PC) has mostly relied on introspective and off-line methods like the Family-of-sentences-test and the 'Hey, wait a minute'-test. These methods have been very fruitful in delineating the different classes of PC, and have been applied to a variety of languages. In the past ten years, these results have been backed up by a number of on-line studies investigating the absolute timing of processing steps driven by different types of PC. However, what still seems to be lacking is a precise picture of the relative timing of the procedural steps involved in the interpretation of expressions that are classified as projective in the literature.In this project, we aim at laying a foundation for the experimental study of the relative timing of interpretive steps involved in the processing of different types of PC relative to that of other types of linguistic information (morphological, syntactic, lexical). The project will be concerned with three types of PC: uniqueness presuppositions, expressives, and additivity/exclusivity presuppositions/implica-tures. All three branches of investigation will be based on the assumption that PCs exert contextual felicity conditions; hence, we will manipulate the contextual properties of target sentences containing triggers for PC by providing them with different types of context. Moreover, all three branches use the time-course of the processing of a (non-PC) expression in the target sentence as an anchor point relative to which the timing of the effects of PC will be measured. That is, we will use the well-established effects of a number of morphosyntactic and lexical manipulations (attachment preferences, effects of implicit causality, etc.) as a benchmark relative to which the onset and the unfolding of interpretive steps affected by PC can be measured. In a parallel part of the project, we plan to use down-sized versions of our materials for testing children to learn more about the acquisition of PC processing.We will employ a combination of off-line and on-line methods, among them felicity ratings, 2AFC tasks with and without mouse tracking. Most importantly, we will use eye tracking in reading to pinpoint the exact timing of interpretive steps.The contribution this project will make to the overall priority programme XPRAG.de is two-fold: on the one hand, we hope to further our understanding of the psycholinguistics of processing PC, i.e. of the representations and processes underlying its processing, and its acquisition; in addition, our results will contribute to the methodological options available for the experimental study of PC. On the other hand, our results on the time-course of processing different types of PC will contribute to the discussion of the heterogeneity of PC, and ultimately may lead to a more fine-grained distinction of types of PC based on their processing behaviour.