SHF: Small: Cryogenic Hybrid Systems Integration Across Multiple Temperature Zones

从室温到低开尔文温度操作的低温系统是固定计算系统（诸如用于云计算和量子计算机的数据中心）的自然路径。这些低温混合系统将需要在不同温度下运行的不同技术和功能的混合。超导电子器件可以提供极高速的操作，同时消耗比半导体器件少两到三个数量级的功率。最常见的量子逻辑形式是单通量量子（SFQ）。互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）器件提供了巨大的复杂性和具有增强的器件特性的低温操作。然而，CMOS消耗相当大的功率并且比SFQ慢得多。SFQ与CMOS的混合系统集成可以克服在低温下工作时的独特挑战，显著提高性能，同时降低能耗。云计算等大规模固定计算基础设施迫切需要显著提高功率效率，而量子计算机可以使用SFQ与接口和控制电路进行通信。将在本科和研究生两级积极争取代表性不足的学生的参与。设计项目将为高年级本科生开发，通过为这些学生提供获得低温电子学实际设计经验的机会，将本科课程的学习过程与积极的研究项目联系起来。两位研究人员将继续促进不同的初中和高中学生参与工程和科学。该项目将识别、表征和探索跨越多个温度边界的低温电子设备的混合系统集成。主要目标是确定如何最好地将哪种功能放置在什么温度下，采用哪种技术和应用于低温混合系统。我们将开发通用的指导方针和设计方法，以支持由不同技术和应用组成的完整系统的开发，这些技术和应用在多个温度区运行，以满足特定应用的极端能量和性能目标。该奖项反映了NSF的法定使命，并通过使用基金会的知识价值和更广泛的影响审查标准进行评估，被认为值得支持。

Cryogenic systems operating from room temperature to low Kelvin temperatures are a natural path for stationary computing systems such as data centers for cloud computing and quantum computers. These cryogenic hybrid systems will require a mix of different technologies and functions operating at different temperatures. Superconductive electronics can provide extremely high-speed operation while consuming two to three orders of magnitude less power than semiconductor devices. The most common form of superconductive logic is single flux quantum (SFQ). Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices provide massive complexity and cryogenic operation with enhanced device characteristics. However, CMOS dissipates considerable power and operates much slower than SFQ. Hybrid systems integration of SFQ with CMOS can overcome unique challenges when operating at cryogenic temperatures, significantly improving the performance while lowering the energy. Large scale stationary computing infrastructures such as cloud computing desperately needs significantly improved power efficiency while quantum computers can use SFQ to communicate with the interface and control circuitry. The involvement of students from underrepresented populations will be actively pursued at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Design projects will be developed for advanced undergraduate students to link the learning process of undergraduate courses with active research projects by providing opportunities for these students to gain practical design experience in cryogenic electronics. Both investigators will continue promoting the participation of diverse middle and high school students in engineering and the sciences. This project will identify, characterize, and explore hybrid systems integration of cryogenic electronics crossing multiple temperature boundaries. The primary objective is to determine how best to place which function at what temperature with which technology and application in cryogenic hybrid systems. We will develop general purpose guidelines and design methodologies to support the development of complete systems composed of diverse technologies and applications operating across multiple temperature zones to satisfy extreme energy and performance objectives for specific applications.This award reflects NSF's statutory mission and has been deemed worthy of support through evaluation using the Foundation's intellectual merit and broader impacts review criteria.