Analysis and reduction of the Cumulative Energy Demand of technical Product-Service Systems

技术产品-服务系统（PSS）由一个技术产品组成，该产品在其生命周期中沿着不同的服务。如今，几乎每一个资本货物制造商都提供与技术产品相关的不同服务。在提高生态可持续性的同时，PSS的能源需求也越来越重要。累积能量需求（CED）是确定经济商品的能量需求的公知方法。它指的是全部能源需求，被视为一次能源，这些需求与一种经济商品的制造、使用和处置有关，或者可能以因果关系分别归因于这种商品。现有的研究工作已经调查了CED用于制造各种材料，技术产品和制造系统。PSS构成了一个新的调查范围，其中包含了新的挑战，有关的测定，分析，并减少CED.The拟议的研究项目的总体目标是作出重大贡献的基本面，提高生态可持续性的PSS。第一个目标是能够确定PSS的CED。第二个目标是识别PSS变化对PSS的CED的影响，以了解因果关系，为分析PSS的CED奠定基础。第三个目标是系统地降低PSS的CED。基于资本货物行业的两个应用场景，分析了关于确定、分析和降低PSS的CED的需求。在此基础上，开发了一种用于确定PSS的CED的PSS特定方法，该方法克服了当前将产品和服务分开考虑的KEA。之后，必须确定和分类PSS变化对CED的影响。基于分类的PSS的变化，因果关系是派生出来的，并通过使用事件驱动的过程链的一般影响机制进行描述。这些影响机制的基础上，分析方法的CED的PSS。关于降低PSS的CED，必须制定一般措施，以触发影响机制（控制杠杆）。这些控制杆必须被实施到用于减少PSS的CED的方法中。整个概念的验证是使用来自资本货物行业的应用场景进行的。本研究成果将有助于生产资料制造商系统地分析和降低PSS的CED。

Technical Product-Service Systems (PSS) consist of a technical product that is enhanced by different services along its life cycle. Nowadays, nearly every manufacturer of capital goods offers different services related to a technical product. When increasing ecological sustainability, the energy demand of PSS is gaining in importance. The Cumulated Energy Demand (CED) is a well-known method to determine the energy demand of an economic good. It indicates the entire energy demand, valued as primary energy, which arises in connection with the manufacturing, use, and disposal of an economic good or which may be attributed respectively to it in a causal relation. Existing research works have already investigated the CED for manufacturing various materials, of technical products, and within manufacturing systems. PSS constitute a new scope of investigation, which contains new challenges regarding the determination, analysis, and reduction of the CED.The overall goal of the proposed research project is to make a significant contribution regarding fundamentals for improving ecological sustainability of PSS. The first objective is, to enable the determination of the CED of PSS. The second objective lies in identifying effects of PSS changes on the CED of PSS in order to understand cause-effect-relationship, which build the basis for analyzing the CED of PSS. The third objective is to enable a systematic reduction of the CED of PSS.Based on two application scenarios from the capital goods industry, requirements are to be analyzed with respect to determination, analyzing, and reducing the CED of PSS. Based on that, a PSS specific method for determining the CED of PSS is developed that overcomes the current separated KEA consideration of products and services. Afterwards, effects of PSS changes on the CED have to be identified and classified. Based on the classified PSS changes, cause-effect-relationships are to be derived and to be described in general impact-mechanisms by using event-driven process chains. These impact-mechanisms form the basis for a method for analyzing the CED of PSS. With regard to the reduction of the CED of PSS, general measures have to be developed in order to trigger the impact mechanisms (control levers). These control levers have to be implemented into a method for reducing the CED of PSS. The validation of the entire concept is carried out using the application scenarios from the capital goods industry. The results of this research project will help capital goods manufacturers to analyze and reduce the CED of PSS systematically.