Phylogeny and evolution of the aculeate Hymenoptera

有刺的膜翅目(黄蜂、蜜蜂、蚂蚁和近亲)有5万多个物种，是该目中一个非常多样化的类群，长期以来，由于其多样性和包括高度社会性在内的复杂行为，吸引了进化和系统发育研究。然而，系统发育还没有得到充分的澄清和理解。最近的分子和形态研究通常都涵盖了整个膜翅目，但膜翅目树木的有刺树枝上的分类单元样本不足。大多数形态特征都是从文献中提取出来的，往往没有得到适当的记录。该项目旨在建立一个全面、高质量的数据集，用于重建针叶目的系统发育关系。重点放在分类群上，这些分类群被认为是同源的，或者至少它们的系统发育地位值得怀疑。将强调那些在以前的研究中被忽视或其同源性令人怀疑的字符。目前项目的基础是大量的分类单元取样，创新的形态技术(例如，三维重建和显微CT，结合扫描电子显微镜)，最后是创新的、详细的字符记录。所有形态数据将被连接到与Morphbank相关的美国项目膜翅目解剖本体(HAO)。这允许在适当的数据库结构中提交和存储所有数据和图像。在得到的综合数据矩阵的基础上，将重建针叶动物的系统发育。在由此产生的假设的基础上，将讨论角色进化的进化场景。

With more than 50,000 species , aculeate Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants and relatives) is a remarkably diverse group within the order, which has attracted evolutionary and phylogenetic studies due to its diversity and its complex behaviors, including high sociality, since a long time. Nevertheless, the phylogeny is not sufficiently clarified and understood. Both recent molecular and morphological studies have usually covered the entire Hymenoptera and suffer from an insufficient taxon sampling in the aculeate branch of the Hymenoptera tree. Most morphological characters have been extracted from the literature and are often not properly documented. The project aims at the creation of a comprehensive, high-quality data set for the reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships within Aculeata. Emphasis is on taxa, which are putatively paraphyletic or at least their phylogenetic status questionable. Characters will be emphasized, which have been neglected in previous studies or whose homology is dubious. The basis of the current project is a substantial taxon-sampling, innovative morphological techniques (e.g., 3D-reconstruction and micro-CT, in combination with SEM), and finally an innovative, detailled documentation of characters. All morphological data will be connected to the US-project Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO), which is associated with Morphbank. This allows to submit and store all data and images in appropriate database structures. On the basis of the resulting, comprehensive data matrix, the phylogeny of the Aculeata will be reconstructed. On the basis of the resulting hypotheses, evolutionary scenarios of character evolution will be discussed.