Beyond Logic: Hypothetical Reasoning in Philosophy of Science, Informatics, and Law

在以前的项目中，我们已经从逻辑的角度研究了假设推理。这个新项目针对逻辑外领域的假设推理。我们的主要观点是，逻辑研究必须证明在逻辑之外是有用的，相反，逻辑研究必须考虑逻辑在"真实的世界"中的应用方式。因此，我们从内部视角转向外部视角，考虑当我们超越逻辑时，假设推理是关于什么的。作为这样的逻辑外领域，我们选择了科学哲学作为哲学中的应用，信息学作为形式科学中的应用，法律作为社会互动领域中的应用。在上述每一个领域中，假言推理的思想都扮演着重要的角色，可以作为我们逻辑理论的检验案例。我们特别感兴趣的是，我们在逻辑研究中所提倡和推进的证明论观点在多大程度上适用于这些主题。假设的概念在科学哲学中起着突出的作用是一种陈词滥调，因为科学理论是经受经验检验并用于经验解释的假设。我们主张，通过采用我们的证明论的观点，科学哲学中的几个悬而未决的问题可以得到解决，或者至少可以得到更恰当的分析，例如，通过使用蕴涵或子结构逻辑的建设性概念。同样，在法律中，假设推理也是丰富的，因为法律是通过从它们作为假设导出结果来应用的。在这里，我们再次声称，我们的证明理论的角度将证明是有用的，因为它提供了新的方法来提取内容的结构体的句子。在信息学中，我们有逻辑的情况下，特别是证明理论，已被应用于各种领域，如验证的硬件和软件。在这里，我们主要关心的是相反的方向，即逻辑方法的这种应用如何塑造或应该如何塑造逻辑本身的形式。我们的主张是，这实际上是这样的，导致某种“范式的变化”在逻辑证明理论将发挥更突出的作用比它是playingcurrent.In我们的硕士项目，我们将提供用于分析逻辑推理的三个应用领域的逻辑工具，并调查这些应用程序如何反馈到逻辑本身的概念。在对应于科学哲学、信息学和法学的三个独立项目中，我们将研究这些领域中假言推理的特殊形式。

In previous projects, we have investigated hypothetical reasoning from a logical point of view. This new project targets hypothetical reasoning in extra-logical areas. Our leading viewpoint is that logical investigations must prove useful outside logic, and conversely, that logical investigations must take into account the way logic is applied in the 'real world'. Thus we switch from an internal to an external perspective by considering what hypothetical reasoning is all about when we go beyond logic.As such extra-logical areas we have chosen philosophy of science as an application within philosophy, informatics as an application within the formal sciences, and law as an application within the field of social interaction. In each of these areas the idea of hypothetical reasoning plays a prominent role which can be used as a test case for our logical theories. We are particularly interested in how far the proof-theoretic perspective we have advocated and advanced in our logical investigations pertains to these subjects.That the notion of hypothesis plays a prominent role in philosophy of science is a platitude, as scientific theories are hypotheses subjected to empirical test and used for empirical explanation. We claim that by adopting our proof-theoretic perspective, several open questions in philosophy of science can be solved or at least more appropriately analysed, for example by using constructive notions of implication or substructural logics.Likewise in law hypothetical reasoning is abundant, as laws are applied by deriving consequences from them as hypotheses. Here, again, we claim that our proof-theoretic perspective will prove useful, as it provides novel methods to extract content from structured bodies of sentences.In informatics we have the situation that logic, and in particular proof theory, has been applied in various fields such as the verification of hardware and software. Here we are predominantly interested in the opposite direction, namely in how this application of logical methods shapes or should shape the form of logic itself. Our claim is that this is in fact the case, leading to some sort of 'paradigm change' in logic where proof theory is going to play a more prominent role than it is playing currently.In our Master Project we shall provide the logical tools used to analyse logical reasoning in the three areas of applications and investigate how these applications feed back into the concept of logic itself. In three Individual Projects, which correspond to philosophy of science, informatics, and law, we shall study the particular forms hypothetical reasoning takes in these fields.