(New) Political Representative Claims: A Global View (France, Germany, Brazil, China, India)

欧洲目前正经历着一场既有政治代表形式的危机，政治上的不信任日益加剧。世界各地都出现了更新政治代表制的各种要求。大多数当代研究集中于单个国家内的选举/授权代表制。因此，我们缺乏对在代议制政治体系之外发展起来的（新）代议制主张的比较、全局分析；以及在全球南方发展的动态，包括非民主实体，都被西方学者所忽视。我们的研究旨在通过透视法国和德国的代表性主张来解决这些差距，这两个欧洲主要的民主国家正在积极尝试新的代表性概念，以及三个金砖国家：巴西、印度和中国。在德国和法国政治理论的基础上，我们的概念框架偏离了在选举和授权要求的背景下考虑政治代表性的标准方式。我们认为，虽然授权代表权仍然很重要，但它未能解释关键的当代事态发展。我们的前提是，政治代表越来越多地与新的代表主张（重新）出现有关，即一个行动者声称以他人的名义说话/行动的情况。这种说法通常是基于对虚假陈述的谴责，他们假装纠正。然而，尽管世界各地有代表性的主张越来越多，但缺乏一个全面的概念框架和类型学，可以更深入地理解这些主张，我们将解决这一概念差距。在被审查的五个国家中，我们将确定（看似）新的代表性主张被提出、批评或证明的不同情况。通过精心设计的共同方法框架，我们的研究将追求从全球、跨国视角分析代表性索赔发展的目标。为了实现这一目标，我们专注于两个研究领域。(i)代表在国家一级（国家议会和媒体）在每个国家的三次全国辩论中提出的要求；在三个国家以下一级的参与机制中提出的代表索赔。在这两个级别上，代表的说法都是有理由的，因为在特定的代表机构内，某些群体的说法是错误的。我们将依靠定性的方法来收集数据，并应用调整后的代表性索赔分析来进行数据分析。为了扩大我们的研究结果，我们将遵循案例思维方法，识别代表性主张的模式，开发一种可用于术语、分类和启发式手段的类型学，并在现代民主理论的背景下将发现理论化。

Europe currently experiences a crisis of established forms of political representation, visible in increasing political distrust. Various claims to renew political representation are emerging all over the world. Most contemporary research focuses on electoral/mandate representation within single countries. As a result, we lack a comparative, global analysis of (new) representative claims developed outside the representative political system; and dynamics developing in the Global South, including non-democratic entities, are neglected by Western scholars. Our research intends to address these gaps by putting into perspective representative claims in France and Germany, two leading democracies in Europe actively experimenting with new concepts of representation, and in three BRICS states: Brazil, India, and China. Building on German and French political theory, our conceptual framework departs from standard ways of considering political representation in the context of electoral and mandate claims. We argue that while mandate representation remains important, it fails to account for crucial contemporary developments. Our premise is that political representation is increasingly related to the (re)emergence of new representative claims, i.e. situations in which an actor claims to speak/act in the name of others. Such claims are most often based on the denunciation of misrepresentation, which they pretend to correct. However, in spite of the increasing variety of representative claims around the world, a comprehensive conceptual framework and a typology allowing a deeper understanding of these claims are missing and we will address this conceptual gap. In the five countries under scrutiny, we will identify different situations in which (seemingly) new representative claims are raised, criticized or justified. Proceeding through a carefully designed common methodological framework, our research will pursue the objective of analyzing developments of representative claims from a global, transnational perspective. To reach this objective we focus on 2 research fields. (i) representative claims at the national level (national parliaments and media) raised during three national debates in each country; (ii) representative claims raised in three participatory devices at the subnational level. At both levels representative claims are justified with alleged misrepresentation of certain groups within the given representative bodies. We will rest on qualitative methods for data collection and apply the adjusted Representative Claim Analysis for data analyses. To scale up our findings, we will follow the case-thinking approach, identify patterns of representative claims, develop a typology which can be applied for terminological, classificatory and heuristic means, and theorize the findings in the context of modern democratic theory.