From Ritual Openness to Juridical Disambiguation: The Relationship of the Papacy to the Normans and Hohenstaufen in Southern Italy (11th-13th Centuries)

从1059年开始教皇与诺曼征服者的关系，到1130年与西西里的诺曼国王的关系，再到1194年至1268年与他们的霍亨斯陶芬继承人的关系，对意大利南部的历史至关重要。特别是，德国学者将这种关系视为一种封建纽带，并根据一种假定的封建法律体系（Lehnsrecht）的规范来解释其核心发展，这种制度被认为决定了相关各方可能的行为和动机的范围。然而，自从苏珊·雷诺兹（Susan Reynolds）的《封地与诸侯》（fefes and vassals）一书以来，封建解释在中世纪盛期对政治关系的解释中失去了以前无可争议的主导地位。从当代学术辩论中推断，并结合文化历史问题，该项目旨在从一个全新的角度来看待这个问题。通过将重点放在历史资料中记录的交流过程以及通过象征和仪式实践的具体交流过程上，除了对所讨论的事件进行严格的语境化之外，目前在宪法史研究中占主导地位的严格类别和规范将被克服。这种新的解读旨在重新评估教皇和意大利南部统治者之间的关系。在这方面，有必要分析12世纪越来越多的法律消除歧义对当事人如何看待和理解他们自己及其对手的影响。对双方之前会晤中所表现的象征性行为的看法的改变，是否导致了对早在12世纪就开始的两国关系的回顾性重新评估？

The relations of the papacy first to the Norman conquerors from 1059, thereafter, from 1130 to the Norman Kings of Sicily, and finally to their Hohenstaufen heirs from 1194 to 1268 are of central importance for the history of Southern Italy. In particular German scholars have viewed this relationship as a feudal bond, explaining thus central developments in terms of the norms of a supposed system of feudal law (Lehnsrecht) which is thought to have determined the spectrum of possible actions and motives of the involved parties. However, since Susan Reynoldsʼ book ‘Fiefs and vassals', feudal explanations have lost their formerly unchallenged dominance for the interpretation of political ties in the High Middle Ages. Extrapolating from this contemporary scholarly debate and incorporating cultural-historical questions this project aims to view the question from a fundamentally new perspective. By turning the focus on both the communication processes recorded in the historical sources as well as those tangible through symbolic and ritual practices, in addition to a rigorous contextualization of the events in question, the rigid categories and norms currently dominant in constitutional history research will be overcome. This new reading aims to achieve a reassessment of the relationship between the Papacy and the rulers of Southern Italy. In this context it will be necessary to analyze the effects of the increasing legal disambiguation in the 12th century on how the parties perceived and understood themselves and their counterparts. Did a changed perception of the symbolic acts that were displayed in previous meetings of the two parties result in a retrospective re-evaluation of the relationship that began as early as in the 12th century?