Investigations on the Early Neolithic period in the southern Levant. Mushash 163: a site of the late PPNA / early PPNB in the western Badia / Jordan

南黎凡特新石器时代早期的研究。Mushash 163：位于西巴迪亚/约旦的PPNA晚期/PPNB早期遗址Mushash 163的新石器时代早期遗址是在Qasr Mushash调查期间发现的，并在2014/2015年的两个短短的挖掘季节中进行了调查。该地点位于安曼以东40公里处，靠近巴迪亚西部石灰岩地区早期伊斯兰遗址Qasr Mushash。它由30多个地球物理勘探发现的圆形构造组成。正如发掘表明的那样，它们应该被定义为半地下类型的圆形房屋。在挖掘过程中，有三所房子被部分挖掘出来。完全没有遮盖。这座完全出土的建筑有几个特点：一些柱状的直立石头，墙上的石头上有杯状的洞，墙前有一个箭形的拟人形象。在发现的石块中，有一些钻孔虫和赫勒万类型的点值得一提。一些14C数据指向公元前8800至8500卡之间的时间跨度，即晚期PPNA/早期PPNB，这一时期到目前为止还不是很清楚。然而，它具有特殊的意义，因为它似乎是植物驯化的初始阶段。Motza VI、Horvat Galil、Zahrat EDH-Dhra 2、Tall Qarassa和Tall Aswad是迄今为止在地中海地区已知的这些时期最重要的遗址。在巴迪亚东部沙漠，只有Shubayqa 6的地表发现了PPNA的定居点，而在Mushash 163以南40公里处的Wadi Jilat 7，发现了早期PPNB的水平。在Mushash 163的研究将通过研究抵抗策略、聚落类型和象征性方面，极大地有助于当前对这一重要时期的认识。由于该地区大量的非法挖掘和农业活动，该遗址受到严重威胁。

Studies on the Early Neolithic in the Southern Levant. Mushash 163: a late PPNA / early PPNB site in the Western Badia / Jordan The early Neolithic site of Mushash 163 was discovered during the Qasr Mushash survey and was investigated during two short seasons of excavations in 2014/2015. The site is located 40 km east of Amman near the Early Islamic site of Qasr Mushash in the limestone region of the western badia. It consists of more than 30 round structures which were detected through geophysical prospecting. As the excavations have shown they should be defined as round houses of semi-subterranean type. During the excavations three houses were partly resp. completely uncovered. The completely excavated building is characterized by several special features: some post-like standing stones, cup holes in the stones of the walls and an arrow-shaped anthropomorphic figure in front of a wall. Among the lithic finds a number of borers and points of el-Khiam and Helwan type are to be mentioned. Several 14C data point to the time span between 8800 and 8500 cal BC, i.e. the late PPNA/early PPNB, a period which is not very well known until now. However, it is of specific significance since it seems to be the initial stage of plant domestication. Motza VI, Horvat Galil, Zahrat edh-Dhra 2, Tall Qarassa and Tall Aswad are the most important sites of these periods known so far in the Mediterranean zone. In the eastern desert of the badia it is only Shubayqa 6 where surface finds indicate a settlement of the PPNA, and Wadi Jilat 7, 40 km to the south of Mushash 163, where levels of the early PPNB were discovered. Research at Mushash 163 will contribute tremendously to the current knowledge of this important period by investigating the subsistance strategies, the type of settlement and symbolic aspects. Due to the numerous illegal excavations and agricultural activities in the region the site is under severe threat.