Jewish Paths into Architecture. German-Jewish Architects in the First Half of the 20th Century

该项目探索了20世纪上半叶犹太人寻求进入德国建筑专业领域的道路，以及其在19世纪的史前历史，延伸到1933年德国帝国内的迫害和移民时期。本研究的主要焦点是20世纪20年代犹太建筑师的培训和专业化途径。这一代人出生于19世纪80年代，他们在德意志帝国的最后几年完成了他们的教育，对20世纪建筑的发展具有特殊的重要性。同时代的人经常注意到许多具有犹太背景的建筑师发挥了重要作用。该项目以关注专业历史的问题为指导，同时也考虑到更一般的建筑历史背景。希望成为专业建筑师的年轻犹太人选择了哪些方法？他们的个人和家庭背景是什么？他们的目标是什么？他们在哪里学习和接受实践培训？犹太人与非犹太人的比例是多少？犹太建筑师之间是否存在特定的网络？他们与在那里学习和培训的非犹太同事以及专业协会有什么联系？建筑师与承包商和雇主之间的关系，无论是犹太人还是非犹太人，私下还是公开，扮演了什么角色？犹太建筑师获得了什么合同？他们在当代建筑辩论中如何定位自己？非犹太同学和专业同事对他们的犹太竞争对手或合作伙伴有什么反应？最后：在德意志帝国境内外存在哪些交流渠道？在1933年后的迫害和灭绝期间，这些关系的影响是什么？对专业化、建筑和市场及其与政治文化的联系的调查需要一种考虑传记和当代历史方面，以及制度历史和建筑史方面的方法。考虑到建筑领域的培训历史和职业发展轨迹在很大程度上还没有得到充分的研究，对该领域的犹太参与者的研究不仅可以提供关于犹太建筑史的新知识，还可以为整个行业的更广泛的历史提供新的知识。然而，在犹太建筑师“群体”的情况下，另一个关键问题涉及到这些建筑师自己或其他人对犹太身份的自我归属。这就提出了1933年以前时期和迫害和移民时期的问题。通过对德国犹太建筑师进入移民和移民内部的路径的考察，我们可以得出他们在1933年和1945年之后继续活动的结论。

The project explores the paths taken by Jews seeking to enter the professional field of architecture in Germany in the first half of the 20th century, along with its pre-history in the 19th century extending into the period of persecution and emigration after 1933 within the German Reich. The prime focus of this study is on the pathways of training and professionalization taken by Jewish architects during the 1920s. The generation born in the 1880s, who completed their education in the final years of Imperial Germany, was of exceptional importance for the development of architecture in the 20th century. Contemporaries often observed that numerous architects with Jewish backgrounds played a notable role.The project is guided by questions focusing on the history of the profession, while also considering the context of the more general history of architecture. What approaches were chosen by young Jews wishing to become professional architects? What were their personal and family backgrounds and what were their goals? Where did they study and receive practical training? What were the percentages involved of Jews to non-Jews? Did specific networks exist among Jewish architects? What were their connections to non-Jewish colleagues where they studied and trained, as well as to professional associations? What role was played by the relations between architects and contracting parties and employers, both Jewish and non-Jewish, privately or in public? What contracts did Jewish architects obtain and how did they position themselves in the contemporary debates on architecture? What were the reactions by non-Jewish fellow students and professional colleagues to their Jewish competitors or partners? Finally: what channels of exchange existed over and beyond the borders of the German Reich, and what was the impact of these relations during the period of persecution and annihilation after 1933?Investigation of professionalization, architecture and the market and its connections to political culture requires an approach that takes into account biographical and contemporary historical aspects, as well as aspects of institutional history and architectural history. Given the fact that the history of training and career trajectory in the field of architecture is largely under-researched, a study of the Jewish participants in this field will provide not only new knowledge on the history of Jewish architecture but also for the broader history of the profession as a whole. However, in the case of the “group“ of Jewish architects, an additional key question involves the self-ascriptions of Jewish identities by those architects themselves or such ascriptions of Jewish identity by others. This raises questions for the period before 1933 and for the period of persecution and emigration. Examination of the paths taken by German-Jewish architects into and within emigration allows us to draw conclusions on their continuing activity both after 1933 and after 1945.