The History of 'positive-historical' ('Conservative') Judaism in Germany (1844-1912/13)

德国“实证历史”（“保守”）犹太教的历史（1844-1912/13）

• 批准号: 152782834
• 负责人: Privatdozent Dr. Andreas Brämer
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für die Geschichte der deutschen Juden (IGdJ)
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2009-12-31 至 2014-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/152782834?language=en
• 关键词: History; positive; historical; Conservative; Judaism

Recent historiography has described religious modernization within German Jewry as an important element within the process of the creation of a Jewish middle class. However, to date historical inquiry has not sufficiently dealt with a key fact: beginning with the second third of the 19th century, a third religious current emerged to find its place between the two poles of Orthodoxy and Reform, namely positive-historical Judaism. This middle-of-the- road current represented a Jewish identity in which espousal of a positive religious tradition and the concomitant insight into its historical development were both equal integral components. The middle-of-the-road party defined its central aims as the investigation and translation of tradition, the modernizing reorganization of the religious institutions as well as a cautious reform of the religious service. By means of self-organizing in its own institutions, it sought to assert itself as a third religious force along side the two other currents. The concrete concern was to assert the relevance of a positive-historical theology in the shaping of religious life in the Jewish Communities - particularly within the synagogue and other public Jewish religious structures as well as in the private sphere of the family. The goal of the present project is to close the previous empty gap in historiography by calling attention for the first time to positive-historical Judaism as a separate and independent religious current in its own right. The study seeks to work out the history of this current in the context of the transformation of religious practice and the ongoing processes of cultural change, looking at its genesis and spread, organization, institutionalization and history of ideas. The analysis also explores the social strata that were active in its development, both its leading representatives and the broader community of adherents. The chosen time frame for analysis, 1844-1912/13, marks the period from Frankel's first coining of the term positive-historical Judaism to the controversy over the Guidelines for a Program for Liberal Judaism in 1912/13, and also looks on ahead to the years of the Weimar Republic. Particular emphasis is given to exploring the question as to why the representatives of the middle path, a current that in the 1850s appeared to represented the religious orientation of a majority of the Jews in Germany, despite a number of attempts did not succeed in achieving more lasting consolidation of its structure as a trans-regional religious movement. In addition, the study attempts to shed light on the place occupied by this current in the religious history of German Jewry and what role it played as a variant of a middle-class religious denomination or bürgerliche Konfession.

最近的历史学将德国犹太人中的宗教现代化描述为犹太中产阶级创造过程中的一个重要因素。然而，到目前为止，历史研究还没有充分处理一个关键事实：从19世纪下半叶开始，出现了第三股宗教潮流，它位于正统和改革的两极之间，即积极历史犹太教。这股中间潮流代表了一种犹太人身份，在这种身份中，积极宗教传统的拥护和随之而来的对其历史发展的洞察都是同等不可分割的组成部分。中间路线党将其核心目标定义为调查和转换传统，对宗教机构进行现代化重组，以及谨慎地改革宗教服务。通过在自己的机构中自我组织，它试图证明自己是与其他两股潮流并驾齐驱的第三股宗教力量。具体的关切是主张积极的历史神学在塑造犹太社区的宗教生活方面的相关性--特别是在犹太教堂和其他公共犹太宗教结构以及家庭的私人领域。本项目的目标是通过第一次提请人们注意积极的历史犹太教作为一种独立和独立的宗教潮流，填补了以前在历史学方面的空白。这项研究试图在宗教实践转型和正在进行的文化变革过程的背景下，研究这股潮流的历史，考察其起源和传播、组织、制度化和思想的历史。分析还探讨了积极参与其发展的社会阶层，包括其主要代表和更广泛的追随者社区。选定的分析时间范围为1844-1912/13年，标志着从弗兰克尔第一次创造积极历史犹太教这一术语到1912/13年关于自由犹太教计划指导方针的争议，并展望了魏玛共和国的岁月。特别强调探讨为什么中间路线的代表，这一潮流在19世纪50年代似乎代表了德国大多数犹太人的宗教取向，尽管一些尝试没有成功地更持久地巩固其作为跨区域宗教运动的结构。此外，这项研究试图阐明这股潮流在德国犹太人的宗教史上所占的地位，以及它作为中产阶级宗教派别或Bürgerliche Konfession的变体所起的作用。