Tracking long-term phenology and genetic diversity changes in the Biodiversity Exploratories: a comparison of contemporary plants and historical specimen

人为环境变化影响植物的物候和遗传多样性，对生态群落和长期进化产生深远影响。然而，记录这种变化的长期数据通常很少。植物标本馆为长期研究物候学和遗传多样性变化提供了一些难得的机会，特别是现在可以利用新的高通量基因组方法对非模式物种的历史样本进行研究。我们提出了一个研究项目，该项目将联合收割机将植物标本馆收藏的独特长期视角与生物多样性探索站的优势相结合，将生物多样性探索站中当代植物的物候和遗传多样性与历史标本进行比较。相同物种和相同地区。我们将重点放在森林林下的早花草本植物，因为这些物种有一个非常独特的开花期，因此特别适合研究物候变化以及土地利用对植物物候的影响。我们的项目将结合联合收割机野外观察、自然历史收藏品挖掘和植物标本馆基因组学的尖端方法，（1）对所有森林生态系统中所有早花下层植物的开花物候进行全面调查，并测试森林管理对开花物候的影响，（2）调查几个主要的植物标本馆，以匹配来自同一地区的同一物种标本，这将使我们能够测试物候及其气候相关性的长期趋势，并在历史背景下评估当前的物候数据。此外，我们将（3）建立和验证一种新的高通量基因组学方法，用于历史植物标本的简化代表性测序，使用RAD探针进行hyRAD杂交捕获，以及（4）使用这种方法比较生物多样性探索站中当前森林下层植物与来自相同地区的祖先的遗传多样性。我们的项目将包括第一次全面研究植物物候，以及第一次分析森林植物的遗传多样性，在生物多样性探索。最重要的是，这将是第一个增加长期视角，并试图比较生物多样性探索中当前和历史的生物多样性。

Anthropogenic environmental change affects the phenology as well as genetic diversity of plants, with far-reaching consequences for ecologial communities and long-term evolution. However, long-term data documenting such changes are usually rare. Some of the rare opportunities for long-term studies on phenology and genetic diversity changes are provided by herbaria, in particular now that new high-throughput genomic methods for historical samples of non-model species are available. We propose a research project that will combine the unique long-term perspectives of herbaria collections with the strength of the Biodiversity Exploratories to compare the phenology and genetic diversity of contemporary plants in the Biodiversity Exploratories with historical specimens of the same species and the very same regions. We will focus on early-flowering herbs in forest understoreys, because these species have a very distinct flowering period, and are therefore particularly amenable to studying phenology changes as well as the effects of land use on plant phenology. Our project will combine field observations with mining of natural history collections and cutting-edge methods in herbarium genomics to (1) conduct a comprehensive survey of the flowering phenology of all early-flowering understorey plants in all forest EPs, and test the effects of forest management on flowering phenology, (2) survey several major herbaria for matching specimen of the same species from the same regions, which will allow us to test for long-term trends in phenology and its climatic correlates, and to evaluate current phenology data in a historical context. Moreover, we will (3) establish and validate a new high-throughput genomic method for reduced-representation sequencing of historical herbarium samples, hyRAD-hybridization capture using RAD probes, and (4) use this method to compare the genetic diversity of current forest understorey plants in the Biodiversity Exploratories to their ancestors from the same regions. Our project will include the first comprehensive study of plant phenology, as well as the first analysis of genetic diversity in forest plants, in the Biodiversity Exploratories. Most importantly, it will be the first to add a long-term perspective and attempt to compare current to historical biodiveristy in the Biodiversity Exploratories.