Noun classification systems in Africa between gender and declension (deriflection)

将性别理解为名词分类并结合语法一致，该项目将调查非洲语言中的性别及其与词尾变化的关系。它始于古尔德曼(2000 et al.)提出的分析方法，该方法使用了四个分析核心概念：(I)协议类、(Ii)性别(类)、(Iii)名词(形式)类和(Iv)词化类。所有这些概念都是相互依存的，但在描述和分析时必须严格分开。该项目结合了两个主要目标，一个是类型学，另一个是历史比较。类型学项目部分的目标是在上述四个分析类别的基础上，进一步发展对性别系统的强有力的类型学方法。重点关注那些具有复杂的和/或理论上有趣的数字解密特征的语言，其中涉及与性别的复杂相互作用，特别是KXA、Tuu、Kadu、Cushitic、尼日尔-Kordofan语，这往往导致正式和语义性别分配之间的复杂互动和竞争。历史比较部分的目标是在不同的谱系上重建尼日尔-科尔多凡尼亚的性别制度。这一组的研究传统上偏向于一种源于班图研究的部分有缺陷的方法，即在名词类的语言学概念下将一致类和名词形式类混为一谈。这导致了对其他家庭性别制度的不完整甚至不适当的重建，以及他们在类型学性别研究中的部分误导性评价。为了改善对早期语言状态的重构，采用了上述跨语言统一的方法，将性别和名词变位分开处理，并确保系统的可比性。第一个项目阶段涉及尼日尔-刚果的五个地理库，这些地理库具有正常运作的性别和相关的解密系统，以及广泛的地理和家谱分布。对历史的比较分析，以及对地区分布和语言接触的考虑，希望也能揭示非洲和全球最大的语系仍然谜一般的历史。

Understanding gender as noun classification combined with grammatical agreement, the project will investigate gender and its relation to declension in African languages. It starts out from the approach developed by Güldemann (2000 et al.), which uses four analytical core concepts: (i) Agreement class, (ii) Gender (class), (iii) Noun (form) class, and (iv) Declension class. All these concepts are interdependent but nevertheless must be separated strictly in description and analysis. The project combines two main objectives, one typological and one historical-comparative.The goal of the typological project component consists in the further development of a robust typological approach to gender systems on the basis of the above four analytical categories. The focus is on languages that have a complex and/or theoretically interesting number declension profile involving an intricate interplay with gender, notable Kxa, Tuu, Kadu, Cushitic, Niger-Kordofanian, which often leads to a complex interaction and competition between formal and semantic gender assignment. This will also be used to establish a continental typology of gender systems.The goal of the historical-comparative component is the reconstruction of gender systems in Niger-Kordofanian on different genealogical levels. The research in this group is traditionally biased towards a partly deficient approach, originating in Bantu studies, to conflate agreement and noun form classes under the philological concept of noun class. This has resulted in incomplete or even inappropriate reconstructions of gender systems in other families and their partly misleading evaluation in typological gender research. In order to improve the reconstruction of earlier language states, the above cross-linguistically uniform approach, which deals with gender and noun declension separately and ensures the comparability of systems, is applied. The first project phase deals with five geographical pools of Niger-Congo with functioning gender and associated declension systems and a wide geographical and genealogical spread. The historical-comparative analysis together with the consideration of areal distributions and language contact is hoped to also shed light on the still enigmatic history of the largest language family on an African and global level.