Günther LuxbacherMaterials against substitutesTechnology, metals and politics in Germany in the 20th century

与其他国家相比，高度工业化的德国一直是严重依赖外国原材料和材料进口的国家之一。在第一次世界大战期间，在国家社会主义时期，在民主德国，但在联邦共和国的头几年，由于政治原因，它不得不应对特别激烈的自给自足阶段。本文以金属作为工业核心材料为例，分析了解决这一问题的基本条件以及不同的经济、科学和技术途径。它在德国政策的所有主要部分以及国际比较中探索了兼并战略、节约稀缺资源以及创造和使用国内原材料的战略。许多经济学家、物理学家、化学家、工程师和设计师将他们的研究导向这些要求，通常是由德国研究基金会资助的。这是否导致了一种关于如何创造和使用替代品的国家科学技术学说，这在整个20世纪都是有效的？人们是否必须将此理解为德国Sonderweg对自给自足的持续取向，这一点至今仍有影响？或者这种现象仅限于战争和危机，因为不同材料特性的丰富调色板是国际竞争中不可或缺的创新驱动力？

Compared to other countries, highly industrialized Germany has always been one of the countries heavily dependent on foreign raw materials and material imports. During the First World War, during the period of national socialism, in the GDR, but also in the first years of the Federal Republic, it had to cope with particularly intense phases of self- sufficiency, motivated by politics. Using the example of metal as an industrial core-material, this historical study analyzes the basic conditions as well as the different economic, scientific and technical approaches to solving this problem. It explores the strategies of annexation, the saving of scarce, and the creation and use of domestic raw materials in all main sections of German policy as well as in international comparison. Numerous economists, physicists, chemists, engineers and designers oriented their research to these requirements, often funded by the German Research Foundation. Did this result in something like a national science and technology doctrine of how to create and use substitutes, which was valid throughout the 20th century? And does one have to understand this as a German Sonderweg of a constant orientation towards autarky, which still has an effect today? Or was the phenomenon confined to war and crisis, since the rich palette of different material properties is an indispensable innovation driver in international competition?