Travel decision-making and travel constraint negotiation strategies

旅游业在经济影响和游客人数方面是增长最快的行业之一，全球游客人数超过18亿。由于旅游业是一个开放的系统，旅游业受到恐怖主义等外部因素的强烈影响。在一个风险日益增加的世界里，人们并没有停止旅行，而是决定在不同的时间或以不同的方式去不同的地方旅行。这些游客旅游决策行为的变化在全球旅游流中很明显，可以用约束谈判来解释，即人们在存在约束因素的情况下克服旅行障碍进行旅行。然而，以往根据休闲约束理论对旅行决策的研究，往往侧重于各种因素（如安全和安保风险、财务限制）如何影响人们的旅行决策，而不是关注人们在面临旅行约束时的旅行时间、方式和地点。本研究项目解决了这些问题，并以昆士兰大学旅游集群和慕尼黑大学地理系在风险感知、目的地选择过程和旅行行为方面的知识为基础，更好地理解旅行约束谈判策略及其对旅行决策行为的影响。本研究项目通过开发和实证检验一个整合时空要素的研究模型，探讨游客如何通过针对每种类型的旅行约束形成适当的约束谈判策略来克服几种类型的旅行约束。从目的地和游客的角度来看，影响因素将从过去的文献和定性访谈中发展出来，然后在实际旅行决策的定量调查中进行测试。基于定量调查的结果，我们将进行带有假设选择的心理生理学实验，以研究旅行约束的沟通如何影响旅行决策。这些方法的结合可以具体地解决实际选择行为和假设选择行为之间存在的差异。本研究项目首先在澳大利亚进行定量调查，然后在德国进行定量调查，在整合实验结果后，得出的结论具有超越案例研究方法的普遍性。此外，这一研究设计提供了一个机会，通过整合空间解释变量（如空间接近度或对某些类型风险的熟悉程度），为旅游研究增加更强的地理视角。心理生理学方法等识别出行决策和出行约束感知影响因素的新方法有助于解释约束谈判，并有助于制定包含情感和认知因素的约束谈判策略。

The tourism industry is one of the fastest growing industries in terms of economic impact and tourist arrivals with over 1.8 billion tourist arrivals worldwide. With tourism being an open system, the tourism industry is strongly affected by external factors such as terrorism. Rather than ceasing to travel in an increasingly risk prone world, people decide to travel to different places, at a different time or in a different manner. These changes in tourists’ travel decision-making behaviour, obvious in global tourist flows, can be explained by constraint negotiation where people overcome travel barriers to travel despite a constraining factor. Past studies on travel decision-making following leisure constraint theory, however, often focus on how various factors (e.g. safety and security risks, financial restrictions) influence the decision IF someone travels rather than concentrating on WHEN, HOW and WHERE someone travels when facing travel constraints. This research project addresses these issues and builds on the knowledge from the Tourism Cluster at University of Queensland and the Department of Geography at LMU University of Munich on risk perception, destination choice processes and travel behaviour to gain a better understanding of travel constraint negotiation strategies and their impact on travel decision-making behaviour. By developing and empirically testing a research model that integrates spatial and temporal elements, this research project deals with the question how tourists overcome several types of travel constraints through the formation of adequate constraint negotiation strategies for each type of travel constraint. Influencing factors both from a destination and tourist perspective will be evolved from past literature and qualitative interviews and then tested in quantitative surveys on actual travel decision-making. Based on the results from the quantitative survey, psychophysiological experiments with hypothetical choices will be conducted to investigate how communication of travel constraints can impact travel decision-making. The combination of these approaches allows to specifically address the existing discrepancy between actual and hypothetical choice behaviour. By conducting the quantitative survey first in Australia and then in Germany, after integrating the results from the experiments, this research project can reach conclusions with a generalisability going beyond case study approaches. This research design, furthermore, provides an opportunity to add a stronger geographic perspective to tourism research by integrating spatial explanatory variables such as spatial proximity or familiarity with certain types of risk. The novel measures to identify influencing factors of travel decision-making and travel constraint perception such as psychophysiological methods can help to explain constraint negotiation and to develop constraint negotiation strategies with affective and cognitive elements.