Russian-Soviet Viticulture in Global Historical Perspective (1860-1941)

该研究项目对从克里米亚战争结束到1941年6月德国入侵苏联的俄罗斯和苏联帝国的葡萄酒种植、葡萄酒消费和酒窖技术进行了综合研究。它追求的是一段与当地、地区和全球层面和结果交织在一起的历史。在20世纪初，俄罗斯是世界上十大葡萄酒生产国之一。同时代的人不仅对克里米亚起泡葡萄酒的高质量特别满意，而且对浓郁的甜品葡萄酒也特别满意。国际专家相信，在19世纪的最后几十年里，葡萄文化已经成为俄罗斯的一股力量，俄罗斯人自信地希望将葡萄文化作为他们的主导产品之一。从国际比较的角度来看，该项目展示了帝国和苏联葡萄酒制造商如何应对毁灭性的生态、经济和政治危机，如虫害和根瘤虫、伴随着酒精饮料禁令的第一次世界大战、革命、内战和集体化。特殊的气候条件是种植葡萄酒的先决条件。葡萄酒产区基本上位于俄罗斯帝国的南部外围，从比萨拉比亚到黑海沿岸，包括陶里达省和顿省，再到高加索山脉的斜坡。然而，商品葡萄酒是通过不同的港口和边境城市进出口的。因此，这些不同的条件不仅产生了不同的跨区域和跨国的相互依存关系，而且还产生了对全球的不同想象，以及个人的财产和从属关系。这个项目不仅将葡萄酒作为全球流通的知识对象，而且将其作为一种消费品，与其总体经济和科学联系、转移，有时还包括失败的互动。此外，它还将考察俄罗斯帝国和苏联帝国历史中任何刻意的区别和解体的方面，是什么可能导致了大多数全球历史到目前为止普遍忽视了帝国的事实。该项目侧重于三个不同的方面：第一，国际葡萄酒枯萎病威胁着法国以及德国和俄罗斯的许多生产商；第二，通过不同的国家和国际教育机构、公共领域和论坛获取和转让知识的方式；最后，葡萄酒和商标假冒的掺假问题，以及各机构为预防这场全球经济灾难而采取的代表生产者和消费者的行动。

The research project takes a synthesizing perspective on winegrowing, wine consumption and cellar techniques in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union from the end of the Crimean War up to the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. It pursues an entangled history with its local, regional and global aspects and consequences.At the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was among the top ten wine producing countries in the world. Contemporaries were not only particularly pleased with the high quality of Crimean sparkling wines but also with the full-bodied dessert wines. International experts were convinced that grape culture had become a power in Russia during the last decades of the 19th century and that the Russian confidently expect to make grape culture one of their leading products. In an international comparing perspective the project shows how Imperial and Soviet wine makers coped with devastating ecologic, economic, and political crises such as pests and phylloxera, World War I that went along with the prohibition of alcoholic beverages, Revolution, Civil War and the collectivization.Specific climatic conditions are a prerequisite to grow wine. The wine producing regions were basically located at the southern peripheries of the Russian Empire, ranging from Bessarabia via the littoral of the Black Sea including Taurida and Don provinces to the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains. The commodity wine, however, was imported and exported via different ports and border cities. Accordingly, not only divergent transregional and transnational interdependencies arose from these different conditions but also varying imaginations of the global, as well as individual belongings and affiliations.This project will examine wine not only as a globally circulating object of knowledge but also as a consumer product with its overarching economic and scientific ties, transfers and sometimes failed interactions. Moreover, it will also examine any deliberate distinctions and disintegrative aspects of Imperial Russian and Soviet history what may have led to the fact that most global histories have widely disregarded the empire up to now. The project focuses on three different aspects: first, the international wine blight, which existentially threatened many producers in France, as well as in Germany and Russia, second, the ways of acquisition and transfer of knowledge via different national and international educational institutions, public spheres and forums and finally, the adulteration of wine and trade mark counterfeiting and the actions taken by various agencies to forestall this global economic disaster on behalf of both producers and consumers.