Hybridization from two sides: Ukrainian-Russian and Russian-Ukrainian Code Mixing in the context of the (socio) linguistic situation in southern Ukraine along the Black Sea coast

乌克兰是一个多语言国家，主要使用两种语言：乌克兰语和俄语。乌克兰在西部很强大，俄罗斯在乌克兰东部和南部占主导地位。乌克兰中部持中间立场。乌克兰语和俄语是两种结构上密切相关的语言，它们是一种名为苏尔日克（Surzhyk）的混合代码的捐赠语言。乌克兰-俄罗斯混合代码的特殊之处在于，它可能以两种变体存在，反映了该国的历史。“原型苏尔日克”源于俄罗斯在乌克兰的政治和社会统治时期：从19世纪60年代的沙皇时代到20世纪30年代的苏联时代，人们适应了讲俄语的环境。这种“老”苏尔日克语在乌克兰语的基础上以一种类似于所谓的“方言平衡”的方式发展。虽然仍然有很大的变化，但这种混合代码在一定程度上是稳定的，因为几代人以来，成年人开始在他们自己之间以及与他们的孩子在非正式交流中使用古苏尔日克语。混合密码的第二种变体，这里称为“Neo-Surzhyk”，起源较晚。它是由过去主要使用俄语的人演变而来的，但由于1990年之后的乌克兰语言政治，他们至少部分转向了乌克兰语。因此，新苏尔日克有一个俄罗斯基地，预计将与老苏尔日克一起出现在乌克兰南部（以及东部，现在无法进行系统研究）。我们的项目具有创新的接触语言维度的中心研究问题如下：基于相同的两种密切相关的捐赠语言的两种混合代码之间是否存在明显的区别？或者在不同社会人口背景的说话者群体之间有一个逐渐的过渡？我们项目的研究假设是：·从语法上讲，Old Surzhyk和Neo-Surzhyk主要可以根据说话者之间的聚类差异（例如屈折词尾的分布）进行定量区分。·从词汇上看，有明显的差异：乌克兰语和俄语的流行词汇。·在声音模式上，Old Surzhyk和neo Surzhyk在结构上是不同的。·新苏尔日克比旧苏尔日克更加多变。这些假设的另一种选择是，没有两个截然不同的苏尔日克人，而是一个强烈的乌克兰风格和强烈的俄罗斯风格的苏尔日克人之间的连续体，结合多个层面的社会人口差异。该项目的方法论方法包括创新的语料库语言描述，结合定量变异社会语言学的分析方法，与社会人口统计数据相关。除此之外，将对个别“语言学传记”进行深入访谈，并进行定性分析，以便将定量结果与定性数据联系起来。

The Ukraine is a multilingual state, with a predominantly bilingual constellation: Ukrainian and Russian. Ukrainian is strong in the West, and Russian dominates in the East and in the South of the Ukraine. The Central Ukraine holds an intermediate position. Ukrainian and Russian, two structurally closely related languages, function as donor languages for a mixed code called Surzhyk. The specific point with the Ukrainian-Russian mixed code is that it may exist in two variants, reflecting the history of the country.“Prototype Surzhyk” stems from the times of Russian political and social dominance in the Ukraine: From the 1860-ies in Tsarist times and from the 1930-ies in Soviet times people adapted themselves to a Russian-speaking environment. This “old” Surzhyk has developed in a way resembling so called ‘dialect levelling’ on the basis of Ukrainian. Though still quite variable, a certain stabilisation of this mixed code is observed, since adults started to speak Old Surzhyk between themselves and with their children in informal communication over several generations. The second variant of mixed code, here called “Neo-Surzhyk”, is of younger origin. It evolved with people who used to practise mainly Russian, but - due to the Ukrainian language politics after 1990 - had at least partially to turn to Ukrainian. Neo-Surzhyk thus has a Russian base and is expected to occur – most probably along with Old Surzhyk - in the South of the Ukraine (and in the East, now inaccessible for systematic research).The central research question of our project with an innovative contact-linguistic dimension is the following: Is there a clear differentiation between two mixed codes based on the same two closely related donor languages? Or is there a gradual transition between groups of speakers with different sociodemographic backgrounds?The research hypotheses of our project are: · Grammatically, Old Surzhyk and Neo-Surzhyk can be differentiated mainly on quantitative grounds with cluster differences between speakers (for example as to the spread of inflectional endings).· Lexically, there are clear differences: prevailing Ukrainian vs. prevailing Russian lexemes.· As to sound patterns, Old Surzhyk and Neo-Surzhyk are different structurally.· Neo-Surzhyk is more variable than Old Surzhyk.The alternative to these hypotheses is that there are no two distinct Surzhyks but rather a continuum between a strongly Ukrainian-like and a strongly Russian-like Surzhyk, in combination with sociodemographic differentiations on multiple levels.The methodological approach of the project consists in an innovative corpus linguistic description, combined with analytical methods of quantitative variationist sociolinguistics, correlated with sociodemographic data. In addition to that, in-depth interviews on individual “Sprachbiographien” (linguistic biographies) will be conducted and analysed qualitatively, in order to correlate quantitative findings with qualitative data.