Impact of Diverse Production Systems on Yield Stability and Environmental Adaptability of Wheat and Barley: A Study Based on Long-Term Field Experiments

该项目的目标是帮助从根本上了解各种生产系统对小麦和大麦粮食产量稳定性的影响。特别是，该项目将对生产系统中普遍存在的复杂的基因x环境x管理因素(GxExM)相互作用提供新的见解，重点放在管理因素的长期影响上，如作物轮作和施肥。根据四个长期田间试验的结果，将检验以下假设：1.小麦和大麦在叶作物，特别是豆类作物之前种植，比以谷物为前茬作物具有更高的产量稳定性和环境适应性。(对不同以前的作物：甜菜、油菜、玉米、三叶草、菜豆、小麦、黑麦、燕麦)2.与矿质氮供应较少的生产系统相比，矿质氮肥较高的生产系统显示出更稳定的小麦和大麦产量和更好的环境适应性。(不同矿质氮肥水平的比较：0%、50%、100%)3.在小麦和大麦上施用额外的有机肥比单独使用矿质肥料具有更高的产量稳定性和更好的环境适应性。(验证不同的有机肥料：农家肥、绿肥、甜菜叶、谷类秸秆、豌豆/大麦秸秆)4.不同的小麦和大麦对前茬作物、矿质氮素供应和额外有机肥的反应相似。(4个LTFE中使用的小麦和大麦品种的验证)。为了共同回答这些假设，设计了三个工作包(WPS)。第一个工作方案包括实验数据库的汇编，其中包括在哥本哈根大学(丹麦)进行的一次有机LTE和在Justus LieBig大学Giessen(德国)进行的三次常规LTE。该项目的第二个也是核心的WP包括上述实验数据库的稳定性分析。在这里，将确定管理因素(矿物质和有机肥以及轮作，特别是前茬作物的影响)对不同生产系统和多种环境下小麦和大麦品种产量稳定性的影响。由于试验建立以来已经过去了一段时间，因此有可能在足够多的年份内比较小麦和大麦产量稳定性的长期管理效果。第三个WP是关于模拟小麦和大麦在不同生产系统中的环境适应性。基于系统模型方法，将分析小麦和大麦在不同选择的管理策略和天气驱动因素下的产量反应，并将进行关于未来气候情景下对环境胁迫敏感性的模拟。

The objective of this project is to contribute to the fundamental understanding of the impacts that a diverse array of production systems have on the grain yield stabilities of wheat and barley. In particular, this project will provide new insight into the complex genotype x environment x management factor (GxExM) interactions prevailing in production systems with a focus on the long-term effects of management factors such as crop rotation and fertilisation. Based on the results of four long-term field experiments (LTFEs), the following hypotheses will be tested:1. Preceding wheat and barley with leaf crops, especially legumes, leads to higher yield stability and environmental adaptability than using a cereal as the preceding crop. (Verification of different preceding crops: sugar beet, oilseed rape, maize, clover, field bean, wheat, rye, oat)2. Production systems with higher mineral nitrogen fertilisation show more stable wheat and barley yields and better environmental adaptability than systems with lower mineral nitrogen supply. (Comparison of different mineral nitrogen fertilisation levels: 0%, 50%, 100%)3. Additional organic fertilisation results in higher yield stability and better environmental adaptability when applied to wheat and barley than mineral fertilisation alone. (Verification of different organic fertilisers: farmyard manure, green manure, sugar beet leaves, cereal straw, pea/field bean straw)4. Different genotypes of wheat and barley react similarly to differences in preceding crops, the mineral nitrogen supply and additional organic fertilisation. (Verification of the wheat and barley cultivars used in the 4 LTFEs).To jointly answer the hypotheses, three work packages (WPs) are designed. The first WP comprises the compilation of the experimental database, which consists of one organic LTE conducted at the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) and three conventional LTEs conducted at the Justus Liebig University Giessen (Germany). The second and core WP of this project comprises the stability analysis of the experimental databases mentioned above. Here, the impact of the management factors (mineral and organic fertilisation as well as crop rotation and, in particular, the effects of the preceding crops) on the yield stability of wheat and barley cultivars in diverse production systems and multiple environments will be determined. Due to the time that has passed since the experiments were established, it will be possible to compare the long-term management effects on yield stability of wheat and barley over a sufficient number of years. The third WP is about modelling the environmental adaptability of wheat and barley in diverse production systems. Based on a system model approach, wheat and barley yield reactions subjected to different selected management strategies and weather driving factors will be analysed, and simulations regarding the sensitivity to environmental stress under future climate scenarios will be performed.