Physiological and pathophysiological significance of neuropeptides in the nasal mucosa

1.用免疫组织化学方法，对大鼠翼腭神经节内神经肽的分布和数量进行了观察。在神经节细胞周围观察到丰富的降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)和物质(SP)免疫反应阳性神经元，与躯体脊椎或躯体形成突触联系。这些结果证实，由三叉神经节神经元的轴突侧支和副交感神经节神经元组成的反射弓通过直接突触起作用。可能来自副交感节前神经元的脑啡肽免疫反应曲张也与躯体脊椎发生突触接触。2.局部应用利多卡因喷雾剂可显著抑制冷空气吸入所致的人鼻呼吸道阻力(NAR)的增加。C-…诱导的鼻黏膜染料血管渗出全身注射辣椒素可抑制豚鼠吸入更多的陈旧空气。3.变态反应性鼻炎患者鼻黏膜上皮细胞受到刺激后，鼻腔灌洗液中SP含量显著增加(尽管量很少)，局部滴注SP(大于16nmol)可引起鼻黏膜血流量增加和NAR增加，尽管是短暂的。由于SP不会引起打喷嚏，因此推测SP直接影响鼻腔血管，而不是通过肥大细胞脱颗粒。4.在豚鼠鼻变态反应模型上，辣椒素可显著抑制抗原攻击所致的鼻黏膜喷嚏。但仅辣椒素可抑制鼻粘膜肿胀和血管灌洗增加。鼻变态反应中的打喷嚏反射途径被认为是通过SP和CGRP免疫反应神经，粘膜肿胀和血管通透性增强主要是由化学介质的直接作用引起的，仅部分通过SP和CGRP神经的兴奋而引起。较少

1. The distribution and quantity of neuropeptides in the rat pterygopalatine ganglion were studied immunohisto-electronmicroscopically by using complete serial paraffin sections of the ganglion immunostained with antiserum against several neuropeptides. Surrounding the ganglionic neurons, abundant Calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) and substance(SP)-immunoreactive varicosities were observed, which formed synaptic contacts with the somatic spine or soma.Above findings confirmed that the reflex arch, composed of axon collaterals of trigeminal ganglionic neurons and parasympathetic ganglionic neurons, operates through direct synapses. Enkephalin-immunoreactive varicosities, which were probably derived from parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, also made synaptic contact with the somatic spine. 2. Increase of nasal airway resistance(NAR) induced by cold air inhalation in man was inhibited significantly by topical lidocaine spray. Vascular leacage of dye in the nasal mucosa induced by c … More old air inhalation in the guinea pigs was tended to be inhibited by systemic capsaicin pretreatment. 3. In subjects with nasal allergy allergen challenge on the nasal mucosa caused, although minimal, significant amount of SP in nasal lavage.Topical instillation of SP (in the amount more than 16 nmol) caused significant, although transient, increase of nasal mucosal blood flow and increase of NAR. As SP did not induce sneezed, SP was assumed to affect directly on the nasal vasculature, not via mast cell degranulation. 4. In guinea pig model of nasal allergy, sneezed induced by antigen challenge on the nasal mucosa could be inhibited significantly by systemic capsaicin pretreatment. However nasal mucosal swelling and increased vascular lavage was only tended to be inhibited by capsaicin pretreatment. Affected pathway of sneeze reflex in nasal allergy was thought to be in SP and CGRP immunoreactive nerves, Mucosal swelling and enhanced vascular permeability were assumed to be caused mainly by direct effects of chemical mediators and only partially via activation of SP and CGRP nerves. Less