Behavioral Change of Cattle after Tethering and Its Psychological, Physiological and Biochemical Functions

1. 研究了育肥牛、公牛、种牛、日牛和生长牛的舌头游戏性质。拴牛和人工哺乳牛在喂食后经常出现舌头游戏。喂食长干草会抑制这种反应，因为长干草会在进食过程中促进复杂的舌头运动。舌头游戏可能不仅源于拴住，还源于对包括哺乳在内的喂养行为的定性和定量抑制。通过10个月的观察，探讨拴绳对山羊行为和生理的影响。山羊的行为反应分为3个阶段，生理反应分为2个阶段。3个阶段的行为反应基本相似，生理反应为第1阶段较高的N/L比率和第2阶段对嗜酸细胞的强烈抑制。在行为反应的第二阶段之后，一只山羊表现出刻板的转头行为。适应策略的个体差异明显，即表现出中低类型冲突行为的动物倾向于处于生理应激状态，而表现出强类型冲突行为的动物倾向于从生理应激状态中恢复。注射阿片类拮抗剂纳洛酮可抑制冲突行为，注射多巴胺拮抗剂氟哌啶醇可停止刻板印象。阿片样物质和多巴胺是与应激相关的生物化学物质，这有力地说明了行为应激反应和生理应激反应之间的关系。在头3个月研究了人工哺乳和饲喂切碎粗饲料对牛舌头游戏的影响。在哺乳期和断奶后，喂碎干草抑制哺乳和抑制舌头运动可能分别是应激源。虽然系留引起了强烈的应激反应，但单独系留时刻板印象并不明显。刻板印象可能来源于各种应激源的复合体。少

1. The nature of tongue-playing was investigated in fattening cattle, bulls, breeding cows, daily cows, and growing cattle. Tongue-playing was frequently occured after feeding in tethered cattle and artificially suckled cattle. It was supressed by feeding long hay, which promotes complex tongue movements during eating. Tongue-playing may be derived from not only tethering but also qualitative and quantitative supression of feeding behavior containing suckling.2. Tethered goats were observed for 10 months to investigate the effect tethering on behavior and physiology. Goats responded behaviorally with 3 phases and physiologically with 2 phases. Behavioral responses were quite similar in each of 3 phases, while physiological responses were higher ratio of N/L in the first phase and strong supression of acidophil in the second phase. After the second phase in bihavioural responses, one goat performed the stereotypic head-turn behavior. Individual difference in adaptive tactics was obvious … More , that is, animals performing low and medium type conflict behavior tended to be in physiological stress, while animals performing strong type conflict behavior tended to recover from physiological stress situation. Conflict behavior was supressed by naloxone injections which is an antagonist of opioid and stereotypies were ceased by haloperidol injections which is an antagonist of dopamine. Opioid and dopamine are biochemicals relating with stress, which strongly suggests the relationship between behavioral stress responses and physiological stress responses.3. The effect of artifical suckling and feeding of chopped roughages on tongue-playing was investigated for first 3 months in cattle. Supression of suckling and supression of tongue movements by offered chopped hay could be stressors during the suckling period and after weaning, respectively.Though tethering gave rise to strong stress responses, stereotypies were not conspicuous under tethering alone. Stereotypies might be derived from the complex of various stressors. Less