The global cultivated alien flora, its history and its contribution to plant invasions

我们每天在花园和公共绿地或野外遇到的大多数植物都是外来植物，它们是作为经济或观赏植物被引入种植的。然而，目前尚不清楚哪些栽培植物生长在世界的哪些地区，以及这些栽培植物群在物种特征、起源区域和系统发育方面是如何存在偏见的。这些信息不仅从历史和文化的角度来看是重要的，而且因为大多数已经归化和入侵的外来植物物种都是从种植中逃脱的。因此，该项目的一个主要目标是建立一个全球栽培植物物种区域清单数据库，并对该数据库进行分析，以检验栽培植物群在地理起源、物种特征、系统发育以及它们在世界哪个地区栽培方面是否存在偏差。此外，通过将全球栽培植物数据库与物种归化成功数据相结合，我们将测试栽培外来植物群的模式和偏差如何影响归化外来植物群的模式。我们将讨论的其他主要目标是培养偏差如何随着时间的推移而变化，以及这如何影响哪些培养的外来物种已经归化。我们将使用两个独特的数据集来解决这两个目标，一个是关于1814年之前引入英国邱园的约9000种植物，另一个是关于1719年至1939年期间美国苗圃目录中约22,000种物种和品种的可用性。因此，拟议的项目将提供第一个全球栽培植物数据库，并对栽培植物群及其可用性的历史变化与归化的外来植物群之间的关系提供重要见解。

Most plants that we daily encounter, in our gardens and public green spaces or as escapees in the wild, are alien plants that were brought into cultivation as economic or ornamental plants. However, it remains unknown in which parts of the world which cultivated plant species are grown, and how these cultivated floras are biased with regard to species characteristics, region of origin and phylogeny. Such information is important not only from a historical and cultural perspective, but also because most alien plant species that have become naturalized and invasive are escapees from cultivation. Therefore, one major objective of the proposed project is to build a global database of regional inventories of cultivated plant species, and to analyse this database to test whether there are biases in the cultivated flora with regard to geographical origin, species characteristics, phylogeny and in which part of the world they are cultivated. Moreover, by combining this global cultivated plant database with data on the naturalization success of species, we will test how patterns and biases in the cultivated alien flora affect patterns in the naturalized alien flora. Other major objectives that we will address are how cultivation biases changed over time, and how this affects which cultivated alien species have become naturalized. We will address these two objectives using two unique datasets, one on c. 9000 plant species introduced into Kew Gardens (Great Britain) prior to 1814, and one on the availability of c. 22,000 species and varieties in USA nursery catalogues spanning the period from 1719 to 1939. The proposed project will thus provide the first global cultivated plant database, and important insights into how the cultivated flora and historical changes in its availability relates to the naturalized alien flora.