Plant trait variation and evolution in the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning context

讨论了植物物种对植物群落多样性、植物历史和土壤历史的进化过程的作用，作为一种可能的机制来解释生物多样性的维持和随着时间的推移生物多样性对生态系统功能的增强影响。然而，到目前为止，进化过程对增加生物多样性影响的潜力几乎没有在长期实验中进行研究。在这个子项目中，我们将重点研究植物物种的进化反应，这些反应应该在表型和分子水平上进行测量，以追求以下目标：(1)我们将测试表型反应是否可遗传并适应当地植物群落多样性、植物和土壤历史，或者它们是否反映了由于实际生长环境的差异而产生的适应性表型可塑性。(2)我们将分析表型性状表达的种内差异如何与遗传和表观遗传差异有关。(3)我们将评估表观遗传变异是否主要受遗传控制，或者表观遗传分化模式在不同环境条件下是可逆的，还是由可遗传的表观遗传分化造成的。首先，我们将对8种植物进行植物测量仪实验，以测试植物对群落多样性、植物历史和土壤历史的适应性表型反应。我们将在田间试验的17年生植物群落中收集的种子家系的后代，移植到它们的起源环境中，在同一地块的“有植物历史、有土壤历史”、“没有植物历史、有土壤历史”和“没有植物历史、没有土壤历史”的环境中。其次，我们将使用在低多样性和高多样性群落中有9年多选择历史的模式物种车前草的基因型作为生态加速器实验中的植物温度计。我们将测试基因类型是否表现出适应性表型可塑性和表观遗传变异，以响应实际环境(具有不同的植物群落多样性、植物和土壤历史)。第三，我们将使用无融合生殖模式物种蒲公英在遗传、表观遗传和表型水平上量化对植物多样性的进化变化。在一个共同的花园里，我们将在田间试验中培育经过17年选择历史和5年选择历史的种子家族的后代，以及2002年耶拿试验最初播种的种子的后代(没有选择历史)。在野外实验中，我们将评估遗传和表观遗传变异，并测量后代和母亲个体的表型特征。总之，这些实验将有助于更彻底地理解生物多样性如何影响进化过程。

The role of evolutionary processes for plant species responses to plant community diversity, plant history and soil history is discussed as a possible mechanism explaining the maintenance of biodiversity and the strengthening of biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning over time. However, so far the potential of evolutionary processes for increased biodiversity effects has barely been studied in long-term experiments. In this subproject we will focus on evolutionary responses of plant species, which should be measurable in the phenotype and at the molecular level to pursue the following objectives: (1) We will test if phenotypic responses are heritable and adaptive to local plant community diversity, plant and soil history, or if they reflect adaptive phenotypic plasticity due to differences in the actual growth environment. (2) We will analyze how within-species variation in phenotypic trait expression is related to genetic and epigenetic differences. (3) We will assess whether epigenetic variation is mainly under genetic control or to what extent patterns of epigenetic differentiation are reversible under different environmental conditions or result from heritable epigenetic differentiation. First, we will conduct a phytometer experiment with eight plant species to test for adaptive phenotypic responses to plant community diversity, plant history and soil history. We will transplant the offspring of seed families collected in the 17-year old plant communities of the Field Experiment to their origin environments "with plant history, with soil history" and in environments "without plant history, with soil history" and "without plant history, without soil history" of the same plot. Second, we will use genotypes of the model species Plantago lanceolata with a selection history in low- and high-diversity communities over nine years as phytometers in the Ecotron Experiment. We will test if genotypes show adaptive phenotypic plasticity and epigenetic variation in response to the actual environment (with different plant community diversity, plant and soil history). Third, we will quantify evolutionary changes in response to plant diversity at the genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic level using the apomictic model species Taraxacum officinale. In a common garden, we will grow offspring of seed families collected after 17 years selection history and after five years of selection history in the Field Experiment as well as offspring from the seeds used for the initial sowing of the Jena Experiment in 2002 (no selection history). We will assess genetic and epigenetic variation and measure phenotypic traits of the offspring as well as of the mother individuals in the Field Experiment. Together, these experiments will contribute to a more thorough understanding of how biodiversity influences evolutionary processes.