Comparative Study on Socio-economic Conditions to Apply Taungya System

汤雅系统是19世纪缅甸建立的一种柚木造林系统，在热带地区得到了广泛的应用，不仅是柚木，还有其他品种的柚木。由于所谓的“塘沽系统”存在诸多变异，本研究首先建立了一个标准的塘沽系统模型，并与目前应用的其他系统进行了比较。本研究中使用的山崖制度定义为：在国有林地上植树造林，利用合同农民，让他们在林间种植自用的农作物。然后林业局必须向签约农民支付工资，农民必须向林业局支付租金，两者可以相互抵消。根据不同的经济条件所造成的平衡，可以将黄崖制度分为三种类型：(1)向合同农民支付，(2)完全抵消，(3)合同农民支付。目前应用的黄土系统属于(1)或(2)。虽然(3)尚未实施，但目前正在尼日利亚的某些地区进行审查。

Taungya system was established in the 19th century Burma as a afforestation system of teak and has been widely applied in the tropics, not only for teak but for other species.As so many variations are found in so-called taungya system, this study first put a standard model of taungya and compare the difference between other currently applied systems. The definition of taungya system used in this study is : tree planting on state forest land, using contract farmers, allowing them to cultivate agricultural crops for their own use in between the rows of tree crops.Then the forest service has to pay wage to the contract farmers and the farmers has to pay rent to forest service, both of which can be offset each other.Based on the balance caused by different economic conditions, taungya system can be categorized into three types : (1) with payment to contract farmers, (2) complete offset, and (3) with payment from contract farmers. The currently applied taungya systems belong to (1) or (2). Though (3) has not yet been applied, it is now under review in some part of Nigeria.