Case Studies on Regional Socio-economic Zones Surrounding Coffee Production Areas in East Africa

坦桑尼亚北方高地作为“基利曼哈罗”淡味阿拉比卡咖啡的产地是我们的主要研究地点。在国际和国内因素导致咖啡生产者价格下降的情况下，坦桑尼亚北方高地整体上没有采取显著行动。这是因为北方高地根据地理特征、行政单位、居民民族和合作组织分为4至5个分区。面对不利的咖啡经济，各分区尝试了不同的科平对策。山的在梅鲁分区，核心咖啡生产区的农民从咖啡生产转向蔬菜生产和/或满足城市需求的奶牛养殖。山的在基利曼哈罗分区，一些分区的农民专注于咖啡生产，而其他分区的农民则从咖啡转向玉米和水稻。在北帕雷山区，由于建设热潮，平原城市地区的人口增加，而山区的咖啡生产村庄则经历了人口减少。我们还在卢旺达和埃塞俄比亚进行了研究。由于卢旺达的咖啡产区是人口最多、利润最高的经济作物产区，近年来发展了卢旺达其他地区所不知道的分成制。在埃塞俄比亚，合作社组织足够强大，足以与私人买家竞争。合作社利用“公平贸易”咖啡和“有机”咖啡的销售途径，向农民提供的生产者价格甚至高于私人买家。卢旺达和埃塞俄比亚的这两个案例显示了与坦桑尼亚案例不同的表现。我们需要对东非国家的咖啡经济进行进一步的比较研究。

Tanzanian Northern Highlands as the production area of "Kilimanjaro" Mild Arabica Coffee were our main research sites. Under the recent condition of the declining coffee producer prices due to the international and domestic factors, there were no remarkable actions in Tanzanian Northern Highlands as a whole. It is because that the Northern Highlands are divided into 4 to 5 sub-areas according to the geographical features, administrative units, resident ethnic groups, and the cooperative organizations. Each sub-area tried different copping strategy with the adverse coffee economy. In Mt. Meru sub-area, the farmers in the core coffee production area shifted from coffee production to vegetable production and/or dairy farming with urban demands. In Mt. Kilimanjaro sub-areas, the farmers in some sub-areas concentrated on coffee production, whereas those in the others shifted from coffee to maize and rice. In North Pare Mountains sub-area, the population increased at the urban areas in the Plain due to the construction boom, while the coffee producing villages in the Mountain experienced the population decrease.We also conducted researches in Rwanda and Ethiopia. As the coffee production area in Rwanda is most populated and profitable cash crop production area, the sharecropping system which is unknown in other areas in Rwanda has been developed recently. In Ethiopia, the cooperative organizations are strong enough to compete with the private buyers. The cooperatives take advantage of the marketing routes of "fairtrade" coffee and "organic" coffee, and they offer even higher producer prices to farmers than the private buyers. These two cases in Rwanda and Ethiopia show different performances from Tanzanian cases. We need further comparative studies on the coffee economy in East African countries.