Molecular Pathology of Malignant Tumors in Tropical Africa and Southeast Asia

1)热带非洲和东南亚地区恶性肿瘤流行病学：肯尼亚最常见的恶性肿瘤是宫颈癌，其次是恶性淋巴瘤、皮肤癌、恶性软组织肿瘤、乳腺癌、恶性黑色素瘤、食管癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌、阴茎癌和肝细胞癌。在泰国清迈，最常见的恶性肿瘤是肺癌，其次是宫颈癌、肝细胞癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌、淋巴瘤、胃癌、膀胱癌和甲状腺癌。比较两国恶性肿瘤的患病率和发病率，存在着有趣的差异。这些结果表明，不同类型肿瘤发生率的人种地理差异主要归因于各种致病因素的相互作用，如自然环境、紫外线照射、化学致癌物、致癌病毒、遗传因素和文化习俗 ...更多信息 2）肯尼亚宫颈癌中人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）感染情况：采用原位杂交（ISH）方法对肯尼亚91例宫颈癌患者进行HPV检测。肿瘤组织中HPV阳性52例（57.1%），主要基因型为HPV-6/11，其次为16/18和31/33。3）泰国清迈地区阴茎癌的HPV感染：发现清迈地区阴茎癌发病率高，是长崎的30倍以上。HPV基因ISH阳性率为64%，PCR阳性率为95%。最常见的基因型是HPV-6，其次是18和34。多为6、18、34型混合感染。只有1例HPV-16阳性，这是以往报告中阴茎癌的最主要基因型。4）地方性伯基特淋巴瘤（BL）的“星空”模式形成：我们研究了非洲地方性BL中EB病毒（EBV）感染阶段与星空模式形成之间的组织学关系。在所有情况下，EBV编码的小RNA（EBER）的信号在大多数淋巴瘤细胞中被发现，并且73%的情况下，BamHI H左框1（BHLF-1）和/或BamHI Z EBV复制激活剂（ZEBRA）的信号在星空图中的腔隙内和周围的淋巴瘤细胞中被识别。溶胞周期标志物阳性者单位面积骨陷窝数明显高于阴性者。这些结果表明，EBV感染的淋巴瘤细胞在裂解周期中，最终陷入细胞死亡，被吞噬之前，他们的破裂的巨噬细胞已迁移到实质。我们的研究结果强调，EBV感染的淋巴瘤细胞向溶解周期的转变是影响地方性BL.5卡波西肉瘤（KS）和人类疱疹病毒-8（HHV-8）星空图案形成的组织形态发生学因素之一：我们用PCR方法检测了非洲地方性KS和AIDS相关KS组织中的HHV-8。所有AIDS相关KS病例均为HHV-8阳性，而非洲流行性KS中未发现HHV-8阳性病例。这些结果表明，非洲地方性KS和AIDS相关KS之间存在不同的病因。少

1)Epidemiology of malignant tumors in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia :The most common malignat tumor in Kenya is cervical cancer, followed by malignant lymphoma, skin cancer, malignant soft tissue tumors, breast cancer, malignant melanoma, esophageal cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, penil cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Chinag Mai, Thailand, the most common malignant tumor is lung cancer, follwed by cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer, colo-rectal cancer, malignat lymphoma, gastric cancer, bladder cancer and thyroid cancer. Comparing with the prevalence and incidence of malignant tumors, there are interesting differences among both countries. These results suggest that an ethnogeographic variation in the frequency of different types of tumors is mainly attributed to the interplay of varied causative factors such as natural environments, exposure to ultraviolet light, chemical carcinogens, oncogenic viruses, genetic factors, and cultural practice … More s among various populations.2)Human papilloma virus(HPV) infection in cervical cancer in Kenya :We examined 91 cases of cervical cancer in Kenya to detect HPV, using ISH method. Fifty two cases(57.1%) showed HPV gene positive in tumor tissue and main genotype was HPV-6/11,followed by 16/18 and 31/33.3)HPV infection in penile cancer in Chiang Mai, Thailand :We found a high incidence rate of penile cancer in Chiang Mai area, over 30 times higher than that of Nagasaki. HPV genes were 64% positive by ISH and 95% positive by PCR method. The most common genotype was HPV-6, followed by 18 and 34. Many cases showed mixed infections with 6,18 and 34. Only 1 case was positive for HPV-16,which is a most predominant genotype of penile cancer in previous reports. We are preparing the manuscript to publish our results.4)"Starry Sky" pattern formation in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma(BL) :We examined the histologic relationship between Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) infection stages and the formation of the starry sky pattern in AFrican endemic BL. In all cases, signals for EBV-encoded small RNA(EBER) were found in most lymphoma cells, and 73% of cases, signals for BamHI H left frame 1(BHLF-1) and/or BamI Z EBV replication activator(ZEBRA) were recognized in the lymphoma cells within and around the lacunae in starry sky figures. The mean number of lacunae per unit area in cases positive for lytic cycle markers was significantly higher than that in negative casaes. These results suggest that EBV-infected lymphoma cells in the lytic cycle, which eventually lapse into cell death, are phagocytosed prior to their rupture by macrophages that have migrated into the parenchyma. Our findings emphasize that transition of EBV-infected lymphoma cells to the lytic cycle is one of the histomorphogenetic factors influencing the formation of starry sky pattern in endemic BL.5)Kaposi's sarcoma(KS) and Human herpes virus-8(HHV-8 :We examined to detect HHV-8 in African endemic KS and AIDS related KS tissues, using PCR method. All AIDS related KS cases showed positive for HHV-8, however no positive cases were found among African endemic KS. These results suggest that there are different etiologic factors among African endemic KS and AIDS related KS. Less