A study on behaviors and institutional structure of the public sector and on its efficiency

现实世界中的政府不仅仅是为了补充所谓的市场失灵，同时还会使经济状况恶化，这就是我们所说的“政府失灵”。本研究旨在澄清什么样的政府组织和相关机构最适合拥有一个有效的政府或公共部门。本研究从社会选择理论、投票理论、公共选择理论和组织理论中选取了解释政府失灵所需要的各个要素，并试图将它们结合成一个连贯的理论体系，能够解释现实世界中政府或公共部门的行为。这项研究自然分析了如何应用这些理论来理解政府如何行为，以及它们如何影响各自经济体的行为或福利，从而建立了大政府。出于上述目的，本研究进行了以下分析和研究：首先，尽可能广泛地考察公共选择论点，为了克服这些论点的特殊性的弱点，并获得一个适用于所分析问题的框架，本研究试图通过扩展迪克西特的“交易成本政治学”来发展一个模型。其次，它调查了政府和/或国会的实际决策，并将其与公共选择理论中的论点进行了比较。第三，调查了近几年主要政策的决策和执行过程，对经济的影响，政策引发的问题，以及对政策的评价。第四，为了在共同前提下发展理论认识，本研究对政策效果、不同情况下的最优政策等进行了分析。下面的参考文献显示了这些研究和研究的一些结果。

Governments in the real world do not work simply to complement the so-called market-failure, but also, at the same time, can worsen the situation of economies, known as the "government failure". The present study intends to clarify what kinds of the government organizations and of the related institutions are most appropriate in order to have an efficient government or a public sector. The study picks up respective elements of social choice theory, voting theory, public choice arguments, and organization theory that are required to explain the government failures, and intends to combine them into a consistent system of theories that can explain the behaviors by governments or public sector found in real worlds. The study naturally analyzes how those theories are applied to understand how governments behave and how they affect on the behaviors or the welfare of respective economies such that big governments are installed.The study, for the purpose as above, has made the following analyses and researches : first, surveying public choice arguments as wide as possible, and, in order to overcome the weakness of peculiarities of the arguments and to obtain a framework applicable to any kind of the questions analyzed, the study tried to develop a model by expanding the "transaction cost politics" by Dixit. Second, it surveyed real policy decisions by the Government and/or the Diet, and arranged them by comparing the with arguments in public choice theories. Third, I surveyed decision and enforcement processes of main policies in the latest several years, their effects on the economy, problems induced by the policies, and evaluations of those policies. Fourth, in order to develop theoretical understanding based on the common premises, the study made analyses of policy effects, optimal policies in respective situations, and so on. The References below show some of the results of these studies and researches.