Socio-ecological and genetical studies on baboon species which have multi-level social structure

我们研究了生活在沙特阿拉伯的hamadryas狒狒，这是一个地理上与非洲分离的种群，以了解从阿努比斯到hamadryas狒狒的物种形成过程。在7个地点通过捕获和释放狒狒收集血液样本。Shotake先前根据对血液蛋白质的分析，提出阿拉伯半岛是hamadryas狒狒物种形成的一个地点。本研究的Mt DNA分析显示，非洲侧的单倍型比阿拉伯半岛的单倍型更多样化。这似乎与阿拉伯起源相矛盾。然而，也发现了支持性证据，即阿努伊斯狒狒和阿拉伯和厄立特里亚的hamadryas狒狒是单倍型的一个共同分支，不同于埃塞俄比亚的分支。要理解这一相互矛盾的证据，需要进一步的研究。研究集中在一个群体上，即塔伊夫的坝址群体。这个群体是一个与人类共生的群体，拥有超过500只动物的庞大种群规模。每年都要反复捕获这个群体，以了解婴儿的父亲身份，如果单位的雄性领袖真的生下了自己单位的雌性婴儿。结果表明领头的雄性表现不佳。捕获的狒狒被贴上耳标，以便观察它们的行为。虽然从1998年到2003年有209只狒狒被标记，但在2002年、2003年和2004年分别只发现了57只、89只和105只被标记的个体。这是因为一部分耳标从耳朵上脱落。根据对标记个体5年的分析，我们发现沙特阿拉伯共生群体的单雄性单位比埃塞俄比亚的不稳定得多。雌性更频繁地转移单位。较高层次的社会结构并没有持续多年，这表明在沙特阿拉伯的hamadryas狒狒的共生群体中不存在氏族和部落。

We studied hamadryas baboons living in Saudi Arabia, a geographically separated population of the species from Africa to gain insight about the speciation process from anubis to hamadryas baboon. Blood samples were collected by capture and release of baboons at 7 sites. Shotake previously proposed the Arabian peninsula as a site for the origin of speciation of hamadryas baboons based on analysis of blood proteins. Mt DNA analysis in this study revealed that haplotypes in the African side is much more varied than those in the Arabian peninsula. This seems to contradict with an Arabian origin. However, supporting evidence also was found, that anubis baboons and Arabian and Ertrean hamadryas baboons are a common clade of haplotypes, differing from the Ethiopia clade. Further studies are necessary to understand this contradicting evidence. Study was focused on one group, the dam site group at Taif. The group is a commensal group with people having a huge population size of over 500 animals. The group was repeatedly captured every year, to know the paternity of infants, if the leader males of units really sires infants of their own unit females. The result indicated poor performance of the leader males. Captured baboons were marked with ear tags in order to facilitate observation of behavior. Though 209 baboons had been marked since 1998 to 2003, only 57, 89, and 105 marked individuals were found in 2002, 2003, and 2004, respectively. This is because some proportion of ear tags dropped off the ears. Depending on the analysis of marked individuals for 5 years, we found that one-male units in the Saudi Arabian commensal group is much more unstable as compared with Ethiopian ones. Females transferred units more frequently. Higher level of social structure was not observed to last beyond years, indicating clans and bands are not present in the commensal group of hamadryas baboons in Saudi Arabia.