Development of assessment criteria and assessment methods that are useful for raising academic standards

本研究的目的是发展中小学标准参照评价的相关理论，并在新的评价理论的基础上设计评价标准和评价方法。本研究的主要成果如下：1.总结了日本教育评价的相关理论，选取了与评价相关的词汇(即评价素养)。我们查阅了国外，特别是美国和中国的标准文件和标准评估理论以及评估标准和任务，以了解这些国家的教育改革趋势和问题。我们考察了几项大规模成就测试的结果，如TIMSS、PISA和日本的国家评估，并明确了日本学生的成就水平和成就差距。我们还对这些成就测验的试题进行了检验，指出了它们的优点和局限性。我们与一些小学和初中开展了合作行动研究，目的是制定评估方法，改进这些学校的教学实践。作为这些行动研究的结果，我们阐述了使用评估的课程设计方法，并对特定领域的思维过程是如何发展的进行了理论化。我们在一些研讨会上发表了论文，并撰写了论文和书籍来发表这项研究的结果。本研究不仅促进了教育评价研究的发展，也促进了教育实践的完善。

The purpose of this study is to develop theories concerning criterion-referenced assessment in primary and junior high schools and to design assessment criteria and assessment methods based on new assessment theories. The followings are major results of this study :1. We summarized the theories on educational assessment in Japan and selected vocabularies relating to assessment (i.e. assessment literacy).2. We examined standards documents and theories of standards-based assessment as well as assessment criteria and tasks in foreign countries, especially in the United States and China, in order to investigate trends of educational reform and issues in these countries.3. We examined the results of several large-scale achievement tests, such as TIMSS, PISA, and national assessments in Japan, and made clear the achievement levels of and the achievement gaps among Japanese students. We also examined test items of these achievement tests and indicated their good points and their limitations.4. We carried out collaborative action researches with some primary schools and junior high schools for the purpose of developing assessment methods and improving teaching practices in these schools. As a result of these action researches, we elaborated methodology of curriculum design in use of assessment and theorized how domain-specific thinking processes develop.We presented papers at some symposium and wrote papers and books to publish the results of this study. This study contributed not only to development of research on educational assessment but also to improvement in educational practice.