Comparative study on the institutional aspects of forest management during the colonial period : India, ghana, and sarawak

本研究旨在回顾殖民时期森林制度的发展过程，特别关注生态环境和市场压力的差异。Tani通过对印度19世纪90年代后半期的文献研究，揭示了收入增加的主要来源是私营部门和林业部门（FD）对柚木、sal和deodar等硬木的砍伐活动。由此可以推断殖民政府发展林政的动机。增田分析了缅甸林地划界的过程，指出缅甸虽然拥有宝贵的森林资源，但划界并没有取得显著进展，其背景是广泛实行的轮作。在热带雨林环境中也可以发现类似的情况，而在讲英语的非洲，在没有经济价值的热带稀树草原森林中，划界更为先进。独立后，印度与其他英属殖民地的一个不同之处在于，在印度建立保护区的程序一直在继续，而在许多其他国家，这一进程却停滞不前。森林资源的实质性边界可以作为1990年实施的联合森林管理的基础。Asano， Onda和Masuda还研究了喀拉拉邦目前的土地利用和森林资源，发现土地和资源的殖民权威不仅是FD，还有Revenue Department （RD）。在豆蔻山保护区，土地由RD管辖，树木由FD控制，树木之间的作物属于耕种者。虽然系统复杂，反映了历史，但树木仍然在环境，市场和规则之间保持平衡。

This study aims to review the development process of forest regimes during the colonial period, with special concern to the difference of ecological environment and market pressure.Through the literature study on the latter half of the 19^<th> India, Tani revealed that the main source of increasing revenue was logging activities of hardwood such as teak, sal and deodar both by the private sector and Forest Department (FD). It resulted in good enough surplus, from which we can infer the motivation of the colonial government in the development of forest administration.Masuda analyzed the process of forestland demarcation and pointed out that despite the valuable forest resources, demarcation in Burma did not make a remarkable progress by the segregation, which background can be found in the widely practiced shifting cultivation. Similar conditions can be found in rain forests environment, and in Anglophone Africa demarcation was more advanced in economically valueless savanna forests. After the independence, one of the differences between India and other British colonies is the procedure to create reserved forest has been continued in India, while stagnation of the process took place in many other countries. Substantial boundaries of forest resources could be the basis of Joint Forest Management applied in 1990.Asano, Onda and Masuda also studied the current land use and forest resources in Kerala, and found the colonial authority on land and resources was not only FD but also Revenue Department (RD). In Cardamom Hills Reserve, the land is under the jurisdiction of RD, trees are controlled by FD, and crops arranged in between trees belong to cultivators. Though the systems are complicated reflecting the history, trees are still maintained under a balance among environment, market and rules.