Operation of two Doppler on Wheels (DOW) mobile X-band radars during COPS

对流和地形诱导降水研究（COPS）是一项国际性的野外试验，计划于2007年6月至8月在德国西南部和法国东部的中等山区进行，该方案为COPS期间在黑森林地区部署两部多普勒轮式（道斯）移动的雷达提供了科学依据和试验集成设计。COPS的首要目标是提高地形诱发对流降水定量预报的技术水平. COPS地区地形起伏为-1000 m，定量降水和山洪潜势预报能力较低。COPS中的DOW部分旨在将DOW数据与欧洲众多的研究和业务仪器联合收割机结合起来，以提高对中等山区地形对流的开始和演变的基本认识。这一改进的理解预计将影响对流和降水过程的非常短的时间预报。COPS的研究目标直接补充了由美国天气研究计划赞助的研讨会上制定的研究策略，以改善定量降水预报（QPF; Fritsch and Carbone 2004; Dabberdt et al. 2005）。COPS补充了最近的两个实地方案：国际H2O项目（IHOP_2002）和2005年的对流风暴引发项目（CSIP）。这三个对流启动和QPF现场计划一起涵盖了广泛的流态，变化的地形，和极端的土地利用变化。由于不同的国家率先提供设施，这些项目比美国或欧盟更具成本效益。尝试了几个方案，旨在不同的流动制度在他们的地区。DOW雷达的机动性将是COPS的巨大资产。这种机动性使它们能够根据气象条件部署在各种地点。道斯将被战略性地部署在这样的位置，使得它们可以在德国C波段操作和POLDIRAD研究雷达没有很好地观察到的区域中获得双多普勒风反演，例如在这些雷达的双多普勒波瓣的远距离内的最低公里或在这些雷达的双多普勒波瓣之外的区域内。低层运动场的反演对于理解对流起始的边界层过程至关重要。COPS将是第一个主要的国际实地活动，重点是改善夏季对流QPF在中等山区。它将对大气科学界面临的最困难和最具社会意义的研究问题之一作出重大贡献。成功完成拟议的研究将提高对中等山区地形对流的启动和演变的基本认识。

The Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS) is an international field experiment scheduled to take place over moderate-mountain terrain in southwestern Germany and eastern France during June-August 2007, This proposal provides the scientific justification and experimental integration design for the deployment of two Doppler on Wheels (DOWs) mobile radars in the Black Forest region during COPS. The overarching COPS goal is to improve the skill of quantitative forecasts oforographically- induced convective precipitation. The terrain relief in the COPS region is -1000 m and it suffers from low forecast skill of quantitative precipitation and flash flooding potential. The DOW component of COPS aims to combine the DOW data with the multitude of European research and operational instruments to improve the basic understanding of the initiation and evolution of convection over moderate-mountain terrain. This improved understanding is expected to impact very short period forecasts of convective and precipitation processes. COPS research objectives directly complement research strategies developed in workshops sponsored by the U.S. Weather Research Program to improve Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts (QPFs; Fritsch and Carbone 2004; Dabberdt et al. 2005). COPS complements two recent field programs: the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) and the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) in 2005. These three convection initiation and QPF field programs together cover broad flow regimes, varying topography, and extreme land-use variations. With different countries taking the lead on providing facilities, the programs are more cost effective than if the U.S. or E.U. attempted several programs aimed at different flow regimes over their regions. The mobility of the DOW radars will be a tremendous asset to COPS. This mobility enables them to be deployed in a variety of locations as meteorological conditions dictate. The DOWs will be strategically deployed in locations such that they can obtain dual- Doppler wind retrievals in regions not well observed by the German C-band operational and POLDIRAD research radars, such as in the lowest kilometer within the far reaches of the dual-Doppler lobes of those radars or within regions beyond the dual-Doppler lobes of these radars. Retrieval of the low-level kinematic fields is essential for understanding the boundary layer processes critical to convection initiation. COPS will be the first major international field campaign focused on the improvement of summertime convective QPF in a moderate-mountain region. It will constitute a major contribution to one of the most difficult and societally relevant research problems facing the atmospheric sciences community. Successful completion of the proposed research will improve the basic understanding of the initiation and evolution of convection over moderate-mountain terrain.