Aggression, Conflict, and Peace: Scientific Discourses on "Aggression" in West Germany, 1963 -- ca. 1985

在1960/70年代，随着康拉德·洛伦茨（Konrad Lorenz）的著作《论侵略》（On Aggression）（1963年）（德语原文：Das sogenannte Böse）的出版，在西德国展开了一场关于人类侵略的起源和可避免性的广泛辩论。洛伦茨和他的学生们假设，无论是动物还是人类，都存在一种攻击性冲动，这种冲动不可避免地会寻求满足。该理论在各个科学领域引起了相当大的关注和批评，包括新兴的侵略心理学研究以及和平研究与和平教育领域。与此同时，动物行为学在一个新创建的子领域“人类行为学”中加强了对人类的关注，该领域试图在实证研究中测试洛伦兹主张的有效性。这场争论的过程和内容在德国，这是这里的焦点，明显不同于接受在美国，这已经得到了一些学术上的关注。该项目研究了如何解释人类侵略的权威是在各种生物和社会科学以及更广泛的公众之间进行谈判的。我们调查的行为者的战略，将他们的研究纳入一个广泛的话语侵略，冲突和全球和平，我们研究的过程中，巩固不同的观点。通过这种方式，我们将有助于更清楚地了解“人类侵略”这一主题是如何在20世纪60年代和70年代的（政治化的）西德科学景观中徘徊的，它是如何被研究和辩论的，以及为什么它在20世纪80年代中期突然-几乎完全-从舞台上消失。

In the 1960/70s, a wide-ranging debate on the origin and avoidability of human aggression developed in West Germany, in the wake of Konrad Lorenz’s book “On Aggression” (1963) (German original: “Das sogenannte Böse”). Lorenz and his students postulated the existence of an aggression drive, in animals as well as in humans, which inevitably seeks satisfaction. The theory stirred considerable attention and criticism in various scientific fields, including the burgeoning psychological research in aggression as well as the fields of peace research and peace education. At the same time, ethology intensified its focus on humans within a newly created sub-field of “human ethology,” which tried to test the validity of Lorenz’s claims in empirical studies. The course and content of this debate in West Germany, which is the focus here, differs markedly from the reception in the USA, which has already received some scholarly attention. The project examines how the authority of interpretation of human aggression was negotiated between various biological and social sciences as well as in the broader public. We investigate the actors’ strategies to situate their research into a wide-ranging discourse on aggression, conflict, and global peace, and we examine processes of consolidating different points of view. By this means, we will contribute to a clearer picture of how the subject of “human aggression” wandered through the (politicised) West German scientific landscape of the 1960s and 1970s, how it was studied and debated, and why it suddenly – and almost completely – disappeared from the scene in the mid-1980s.