Nature’s contributions to people in restoration landscapes in western Rwanda

在恢复活动发生的地方，多种生态系统服务的协同作用、权衡和捆绑往往会发生变化。这些社会生态的结果，以及价值观，规则和知识（VRK），支持利益相关者的土地利用决策的各种相互作用需要被理解，以调解冲突，实现成功的恢复项目。然而，在恢复背景下使用生态系统服务框架的多重挑战仍然存在。因此，该领域目前采用了更具包容性的观点，最突出的是自然对人类的贡献评估框架。包括公众参与地理信息系统在内的新的、往往是参与性的社会文化评价方法正在迅速发展;调解生态系统服务的获取、使用和管理的权力关系日益受到关注。在此背景下，分项目六旨在评估人们在恢复景观中赋予生态系统的多种有形和无形利益，并评估当地和远处行为者的多元VRK在多大程度上塑造和管理NCP成果。通过三个工作包（WP）的研究，我们将从三个不同的视角开发NCP评估方法：生态系统视角，景观视角和跨尺度视角。工作方案1将比较不同类型的生态系统恢复和不同利益攸关方群体的国家协调方案成果。WP 2将绘制当地人在生态系统恢复发生的景观中与NCP相关的价值观、规则和知识。WP 3将评估VRK如何将欧洲、北美和卢旺达城市中心的参与者与该国的农村恢复地点联系起来，并塑造当地居民与NCP相关的决策空间。我们假设：（一）更多样化的生态系统恢复形式将导致更高和更广泛的水平提供的NCP;（二）恢复的生态系统在空间上重叠的景观价值热点，强有力的正式和非正式的规则，和多种知识类型，塑造NCP的结果;和（三）远端现象（通过远程耦合）影响恢复的建立和社会生态结果在卢旺达。该次级项目与两个卢旺达伙伴密切合作，为一名博士后研究员和一名博士候选人提供机会，以提高他们在社会生态恢复研究领域的学术资格。我们的分析将利用两个连续的家庭调查（n=600和n=300来自50个村庄的受访者），将与SP 5密切合作实现，并利用来自深入访谈，焦点小组讨论，利益相关者研讨会，参与式绘图和照片语音研究的原始数据。由于农村人口获得国家联络点的机会以及他们通过农村联络点星座进行的治理往往是高度性别化的，因此我们的工作方案强调在工作方案1、工作方案2和工作方案3中采取有性别区分的数据收集战略。

Synergies, trade-offs, and bundles of multiple ecosystem services tend to shift where restoration activities take place. These social-ecological outcomes, and the varied interactions of values, rules and knowledge (VRK) that underpin stakeholders’ land-use decision making need to be understood to mediate conflicts and realise successful restoration projects. Yet, multiple challenges of using the ecosystem services framework in a restoration context remain. The field therefore currently adopts more inclusive perspectives, most prominently the Nature’s Contributions to People (NCP) assessment framework. New and often participatory sociocultural valuation methods, including Public Participation GIS are rapidly developing; and power relations that mediate the access, use and management of ecosystem services gain increased attention. Against this background, subproject six aims to assess the multiple tangible and intangible benefits that people attribute to ecosystems in restoration landscapes, and to appraise in how far local and distant actors’ plural VRK shape and govern NCP outcomes. Through research in three work packages (WP), we will develop NCP assessment approaches from three different perspectives: an ecosystem perspective, a landscape perspective, and a cross-scale perspective. WP1 will compare NCP outcomes across contrasting types of ecosystem restoration and for different stakeholder groups. WP2 will map local people’s NCP related values, rules and knowledge in landscapes where ecosystem restoration takes place. WP3 will appraise how flows of VRK link actors in Europe, North America, and Rwanda’s urban centres to the country’s rural restoration sites, and shape local residents’ NCP-related decision-making space. We hypothesize that (i) more diversified forms of ecosystem restoration will lead to higher and broader levels of NCP supplied; that (ii) restored ecosystems overlap spatially with hotspots of landscape values, strong formal and informal rules, and multiple knowledge types that shape NCP outcomes; and that (iii) distal phenomena (through telecouplings) influence the establishment and social-ecological outcomes of restoration in Rwanda. In close cooperation with two Rwandan partners, the subproject offers opportunities for one postdoctoral researcher and one PhD candidate to further their academic qualifications in the field of social-ecological restoration research. Our analysis will draw on two consecutive household surveys (n=600 and n=300 respondents from 50 villages), to be realised in close collaboration with SP5, and on original data from in-depths interviews, focus group discussions, stakeholder workshops, participatory mapping and photo voice research. As rural people’s access to NCP, and their governance through VRK constellations, are often highly gendered, our work programme places emphasis on gender-differentiated data collection strategies in WP1, WP2 and WP3.