Nature’s contributions to people in restoration landscapes in western Rwanda

多种生态系统服务的协同作用、权衡和捆绑倾向于在恢复活动发生的地方转移。这些社会生态结果，以及支持利益相关者土地使用决策的价值观、规则和知识（VRK）之间的各种相互作用，需要被理解，以调解冲突并实现成功的修复项目。然而，在恢复背景下使用生态系统服务框架仍然存在多重挑战。因此，该领域目前采用了更具包容性的观点，最突出的是自然对人类的贡献（NCP）评估框架。包括公众参与地理信息系统在内的新的参与式社会文化评价方法正在迅速发展；而调节生态系统服务的获取、使用和管理的权力关系也越来越受到关注。在此背景下，子项目6旨在评估人们在恢复景观中赋予生态系统的多种有形和无形利益，并评估本地和远处参与者的多元VRK在多大程度上塑造和支配NCP结果。通过对三个工作包（WP）的研究，我们将从三个不同的角度开发NCP评估方法：生态系统视角、景观视角和跨尺度视角。WP1将比较不同类型生态系统恢复和不同利益相关者群体的NCP结果。WP2将在生态系统恢复的景观中绘制当地人民与NCP相关的价值观、规则和知识。第三阶段工作将评估VRK的流动如何将欧洲、北美和卢旺达城市中心的行动者与该国的农村恢复地点联系起来，并塑造当地居民与ncp相关的决策空间。我们假设：(1)更多样化的生态系统恢复形式将导致更高和更广泛的NCP供应水平；（ii）恢复的生态系统在空间上与景观价值热点、强有力的正式和非正式规则以及影响NCP结果的多种知识类型重叠；（三）远端现象（通过远耦合）影响卢旺达恢复的建立和社会生态结果。该子项目与两个卢旺达伙伴密切合作，为一名博士后研究员和一名博士候选人提供机会，进一步提高他们在社会生态恢复研究领域的学术资格。我们的分析将利用两次连续的家庭调查（分别来自50个村庄的600名和300名受访者），并利用来自深度访谈、焦点小组讨论、利益相关者研讨会、参与式测绘和照片语音研究的原始数据，这些调查将与SP5密切合作实现。由于农村人口获得新冠肺炎的途径以及通过VRK星座对其进行治理往往高度性别化，因此我们的工作规划将重点放在WP1、WP2和WP3的性别差异数据收集策略上。

Synergies, trade-offs, and bundles of multiple ecosystem services tend to shift where restoration activities take place. These social-ecological outcomes, and the varied interactions of values, rules and knowledge (VRK) that underpin stakeholders’ land-use decision making need to be understood to mediate conflicts and realise successful restoration projects. Yet, multiple challenges of using the ecosystem services framework in a restoration context remain. The field therefore currently adopts more inclusive perspectives, most prominently the Nature’s Contributions to People (NCP) assessment framework. New and often participatory sociocultural valuation methods, including Public Participation GIS are rapidly developing; and power relations that mediate the access, use and management of ecosystem services gain increased attention. Against this background, subproject six aims to assess the multiple tangible and intangible benefits that people attribute to ecosystems in restoration landscapes, and to appraise in how far local and distant actors’ plural VRK shape and govern NCP outcomes. Through research in three work packages (WP), we will develop NCP assessment approaches from three different perspectives: an ecosystem perspective, a landscape perspective, and a cross-scale perspective. WP1 will compare NCP outcomes across contrasting types of ecosystem restoration and for different stakeholder groups. WP2 will map local people’s NCP related values, rules and knowledge in landscapes where ecosystem restoration takes place. WP3 will appraise how flows of VRK link actors in Europe, North America, and Rwanda’s urban centres to the country’s rural restoration sites, and shape local residents’ NCP-related decision-making space. We hypothesize that (i) more diversified forms of ecosystem restoration will lead to higher and broader levels of NCP supplied; that (ii) restored ecosystems overlap spatially with hotspots of landscape values, strong formal and informal rules, and multiple knowledge types that shape NCP outcomes; and that (iii) distal phenomena (through telecouplings) influence the establishment and social-ecological outcomes of restoration in Rwanda. In close cooperation with two Rwandan partners, the subproject offers opportunities for one postdoctoral researcher and one PhD candidate to further their academic qualifications in the field of social-ecological restoration research. Our analysis will draw on two consecutive household surveys (n=600 and n=300 respondents from 50 villages), to be realised in close collaboration with SP5, and on original data from in-depths interviews, focus group discussions, stakeholder workshops, participatory mapping and photo voice research. As rural people’s access to NCP, and their governance through VRK constellations, are often highly gendered, our work programme places emphasis on gender-differentiated data collection strategies in WP1, WP2 and WP3.