A Comparative Study on the Permian Invertebrate Marine Fossils between the Arctic and the Tethys

根据在北极（主要来自斯匹次卑尔根）和特提斯（来自日本、中国、东南亚、印度、巴基斯坦、伊朗、土耳其、希腊、南斯拉夫、意大利）的二叠纪海洋无脊椎动物化石的产状资料，可以看出，在二叠纪期间，北冰洋地区的海洋无脊椎动物与特提斯海地区的海洋无脊椎动物有明显的差异。在北极地区，富兰克林海及其邻近大陆架地区，从新地岛到斯匹次卑尔根岛、格陵兰岛和加拿大北极群岛，已知的二叠纪无脊椎动物与俄罗斯地台、乌拉利海和东西伯利亚的动物有亲缘关系。它们还表明与北欧的泽奇施泰因海地区有密切的关系。北极地区的无脊椎动物化石组合在省内比较统一，而特提斯的组合则相当不同。无脊椎动物化石组合对比表明，二叠纪时期特提斯省从北向南可基本划分为安加拉-特提斯省、中特提斯省和冈瓦纳-特提斯副省3个省。其中，安加拉-特提斯省的动物群通常包括许多北极型动物，而中特提斯省的动物群除了一些双壳类动物外，没有北极型动物。冈瓦纳-特提斯省的动物群被认为与北极的动物群在属级上有一定的关系，但不包含任何共同的物种。这一事实意味着冈瓦纳-特提斯副省和北极省的气候比中特提斯副省的气候更冷。在整个二叠纪时期，与早二叠纪相比，晚二叠纪北极和特提斯之间的动物区别性变得更加明显。

Based on the occurrence data of the Permian marine invertebrate fossils both in the Arctic (mainly from Spitsbergen) and in the Tethys (from Japan, China, Southeast Asia, India, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Greece, Yugoslavia, Italy), it becomes evident that through the Permian Period there is a distinct difference between the marine invertebrate faunas in the Arctic Sea area and those in the Tethyan Sea area. In the Arctic region, the region of Franklinian Sea and adjacent shelves, the known Permian invertebrate faunas from Novaya Zemlya to Spitsbergen, Greenland and Canadian Arctic Islands have affinities with faunas of the Russian Platform, Uralian Sea and Eastern Siberia. They also indicate strong relations to those of the Zechstein Sea area of northern Europe. Invertebrate fossil assemblages of the Arctic are comparatively uniform within the province, while the assemblages of the Tethys are fairly different. Comparison of invertebrate fossil assemblages indicate that the Tethys Province can be fundamentally divided into three provinces, i. e. The Angara-Tethyan, the Middle-Tethyan and Gondwana-Tethyan Subprovinces from north to south in the Permian time. Among them the faunas from the Angara-Tethyan Subprovince usually include a lot of Arctic-type ones, while those of the Middle-Tethyan do contain none of the Arctic-type ones except for some bivalves. Faunas of the Gondwana-Tethyan Subprovince are considered to have some relationship with the Arctic ones in generic level, nevertheless do not contain any common species. This fact means that the climate in the Gondwana-Tethyan Subprovince and the Arctic Province was cooler compared with that in the Middle-Tethyan Subprovince. Through the Permian time faunal provincialism between the Arctic and the Tethys became more evident in the Late Permian compared with that in the Early Permian.